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Sunday the 7th of December 1941.

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Japan was about to attack the
United States Of America.

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On board the aircraft
carrier Zuikaku

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the pilots were woken at 4am.

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They gathered together for
the traditional sake toast

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to the emperor.

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The attack on Pearl Harbour, the
big American naval base in Hawaii,

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was intended to deliver
a decisive blow

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and eliminate America as a
naval power in the Pacific.

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The attack would turn a
European war into a world war.

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This series is the epic
story of World War II

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as it raged across
countries and continents,

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as millions of soldiers fought
from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

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It is the moving story of
the millions of civilians

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whose homes were destroyed
and lives disrupted...

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..as they were caught up
in the cataclysm of war.

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To tell this story, the
best footage of the war

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has been painstakingly
transformed

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using digital
techniques into colour.

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Along with original colour home
movies, it gives a completely

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new perspective to one of the
greatest events of the last century.

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This is the powerful
story of the apocalypse

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and of the people who fought
the Second World War.

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The attack on Pearl Harbour
came as a total surprise.

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Marine Corporal
Carl Nightingale,

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who was on board the battleship
Arizona, described the scene.

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An explosion caused
the ship to shake.

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A bomb fell, right beside me.

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The lieutenant collapsed,
covered in blood.

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The deck was thick
with dead bodies,

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the ship turned over.

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I jumped into the sea.

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In the attack, launched without
any declaration of war,

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2,500 Americans were
killed and 1,200 wounded.

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Only 30 Japanese pilots died.

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These images shocked
the American people,

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who would no longer oppose their
country's entry into the war.

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Yet Japanese forces had
not landed in Hawaii,

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nor did they take Pearl Harbour.

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They had sunk part of the
American Pacific Fleet

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but only the, by now
outdated, battleships.

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Aircraft carriers had become the
key to victory in naval warfare

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and the three aircraft carriers
based in Pearl Harbour

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were not there that Sunday.

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They all happened to be at sea, and
so, miraculously, they survived.

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President of the United
States Franklin D Roosevelt

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had been expecting
an attack by Japan.

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Tension between the two
countries was high.

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But no-one had imagined
that Japanese aircraft

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would be able to strike 3,000
miles away from their bases.

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The next day, Roosevelt
went before Congress.

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December 7th, 1941,

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a date which will
live in infamy.

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The United States Of America was
suddenly and deliberately attacked.

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No matter how long
it may take us

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to overcome this premeditated
invasion, the American people

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in their righteous might will win
through to absolute victory.

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CHEERING AND APPLAUSE

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But Pearl Harbour was
only one element

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in the Japanese assault plan.

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On that same day, the
Japanese attacked Hong Kong -

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the British colony in China.

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Then they bombed American air
bases in the Philippines,

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and landed on the
Baatan peninsula.

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They now invaded the British
colonies of Burma and Malaya,

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for their rubber, and the Dutch
colony of Sumatra for its oil,

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threatening both
India and Australia.

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A few months earlier,

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they had moved into the
French colony of Indochina.

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After France's defeat in
1940, the Vichy regime

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had not been able to refuse
anything to an ally of Hitler,

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and had turned some of
its air and naval bases

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over to the Japanese.

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The United States had retaliated
by cutting off its oil supplies

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to Japan and by freezing
Japanese assets.

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These economic sanctions
had pushed Japan into war.

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The country, a chain of
overpopulated islands

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lacking in natural resources,
was rapidly developing.

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Japan was in need of raw materials
and it set out to obtain them...

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by force.

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Japan had built up its navy

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to become the second most
powerful fleet in the world

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with no less than ten
aircraft carriers

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and with superb
fighter aircraft.

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The Zero outperformed
most Allied planes.

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Japan had an army of two million
men who were fanatically devoted

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to their emperor.

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Hirohito was the 124th
Emperor of Japan.

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The scholarly monarch
used to study

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marine biology in the
laboratory in his palace.

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He was seen as a living god.

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His divine authority covered
the actions of his military.

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In China, the Imperial Army had
carried out appalling atrocities,

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like in Nanking in 1937, where
300,000 Chinese were slaughtered.

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After the massacre, the Japanese
army had proudly marched

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through the Forbidden
City in Beijing.

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The Emperor probably knew
nothing of the massacre.

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He reigned, but did not govern.

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Real power lay in the
hands of General Tojo,

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and an ultra-nationalist group
that controlled the country

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through their equivalent of
the Gestapo - the Kempeitai.

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The Japanese people heard
through loudspeakers

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of the official declaration of
war against the United States.

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These Japanese pilots, who
took off from Indochina,

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eating breakfast in the air, were
seeking out two British battleships

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that had come to protect
Singapore - the elderly Repulse

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and one of the most modern
combat ships of the time,

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HMS Prince Of Wales,

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the pride of the Royal Navy.

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Three days after Pearl Harbour,

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they were both sunk by the
Japanese in less than an hour.

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10th December, 1941,

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a catastrophic day for British
naval power in the Far East.

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The following day in Berlin,
Hitler went to the Reichstag

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for a special meeting
of Nazi leaders.

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For four days after
Pearl Harbour,

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Hitler had been waiting for Roosevelt
to declare war on Germany.

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But no declaration came.

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Hitler thought that if
he sided with Japan,

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Tokyo would have to
support him in Russia.

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So the Fuhrer declared
war on America.

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The German generals, however,
were far from enthusiastic,

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and Ribbentrop the foreign minister,
had tried to dissuade Hitler,

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but Hitler was the one
who made the decisions.

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And so Nazi Germany was at
war with the United States.

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Hitler proclaimed, "We know what
powers stand behind Roosevelt.

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"It's the eternal Jew.

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"I am grateful to the German
people for designating me

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"to lead this historic
struggle that will determine

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"the history of the world for the
next ten centuries to come."

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Prime Minister Winston Churchill
rushed to Washington.

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He said to Roosevelt, "We're
all in the same boat now."

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This was the moment he'd been
waiting for for the last two years.

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Roosevelt had wanted
to show his electorate

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that he had done everything
he could to keep the peace,

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but the war had become a world war,
and Churchill now felt stronger.

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What kind of a people
do they think we are?

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Is it possible that they do not
realise that we shall never cease

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to persevere against them until
they have been taught a lesson

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which they and the world
will never forget?

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APPLAUSE

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EXPLOSION

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But the war would get a lot
worse before it got better.

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War was now raging
in the Pacific

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but the Allies had severely
underestimated their Japanese enemy.

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Hong Kong fell in
just a few days.

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General Yamashita, known as the
Japanese Rommel, sent his tanks

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down through the Malayan jungle.

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Within weeks, he had
captured Singapore,

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the pearl of the British Empire,

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a stronghold that was
considered impregnable.

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Yamashita made 27,000 prisoners

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line up in perfect order
for a humiliating review.

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The general paused for
a chivalrous salute

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to a Japanese propaganda crew.

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General Yamashita would be
hung for war crimes in 1946.

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His prisoners, crowded
into horrendous camps,

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would die of hunger, tropical
diseases and brutal maltreatment.

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They were forced to build the railway
that would take the Japanese

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one step closer to India,
including the construction of

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the infamous bridge
over the River Kwai.

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Louis Baume, a British mountaineer who was
taken prisoner in Singapore, remembered.

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'The Japanese felt
disdain for us.

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'They didn't understand why we
hadn't committed hara-kiri.'

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General MacArthur, commander
of US forces in the

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Philippines, which were
surrounded by the Japanese,

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was ordered by Roosevelt to escape
so as not to be taken prisoner.

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As he left, he declared,
"I shall return."

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MacArthur's soldiers
were taken prisoner.

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30,000 Americans, with their old
First World War doughboy helmets,

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and an equal number
of Filipinos,

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set off for an internment
camp 60 miles away.

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This became known as the
Bataan Death March.

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One of the survivors,
Sydney Stewart, recalled:

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We marched for ten days and
nights without eating.

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We were constantly beaten.

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Those who could no longer go on

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were killed by the guards, who
beheaded them with a sword.

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Such cruelty was explained
by the Japanese warrior code

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that was particular
to their culture.

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Surrender was
incomprehensible to them.

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A Japanese soldier was
told never to surrender.

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He was trained to fight from
childhood according to the tradition

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of Bushido, the art of
killing and of being killed.

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An officer in the Imperial Navy,
Matsui Fushida, explained:

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Bushido can be translated
as the Way of the Warrior.

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It is a code of loyalty,

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faithfulness and
devotion until death.

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We scorn death.

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We kill with great cruelty as long
as it is the enemy we are killing.

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We scorn physical pain, we
scorn death without glory.

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Bushido is the art of death.

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In just five months,
Japan destroyed

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the Allied forces in the Far East
and conquered half of the Pacific.

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Banzai!

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00:15:27,320 --> 00:15:31,319
Japanese soldiers chanted, "Banzai!
Long live the Emperor!"

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Screaming, "Banzai," the Japanese carried
out their own version of a lightning war.

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00:15:38,160 --> 00:15:39,919
General Tojo and the Emperor

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made a public appearance
to mark the victories.

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In Britain, the RAF still
had to defend the country

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from occasional German raiders, but
Churchill knew that to win the war

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he would have to take the
offensive, to hit back at Germany.

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00:16:10,120 --> 00:16:14,119
Churchill and Roosevelt both agreed
on a strategy of Germany First,

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that their original objective
must be to defeat Germany.

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00:16:23,160 --> 00:16:27,159
Churchill decided to launch a
bombing campaign against Germany.

206
00:16:27,280 --> 00:16:29,519
RAF Bomber Command was led by

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Air Marshal Harris,
nicknamed Bomber Harris.

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00:16:33,160 --> 00:16:37,159
His policy was to bomb German
cities in order to destroy

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the morale of the people.

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Harris believed he
could win the war

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00:16:41,760 --> 00:16:45,759
with his big four-engined
Halifaxes and Lancasters.

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00:16:48,360 --> 00:16:50,439
His strategy was criticised

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00:16:50,440 --> 00:16:53,759
for being costly in terms
of men and equipment.

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00:16:53,760 --> 00:16:57,759
But it began to take a
toll on German cities.

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00:16:58,880 --> 00:17:02,879
On 8th March 1942,
Essen was bombed.

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00:17:02,880 --> 00:17:06,559
The city produced weapons used
by the German forces in Russia.

217
00:17:06,560 --> 00:17:10,559
This was a way for
Churchill to help Stalin.

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00:17:10,560 --> 00:17:14,559
The Germans began to suffer the
consequences of Hitler's policies

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00:17:15,480 --> 00:17:19,479
and the Nazi regime began its
descent into murderous insanity.

220
00:17:21,920 --> 00:17:25,919
Hitler, Goering, Himmler,
and his assistant Heydrich,

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decided to implement what they
called the Final Solution.

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The extermination of
the Jews in Europe.

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Heydrich started to organise

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00:17:41,960 --> 00:17:45,959
the rounding-up of Jews
across occupied Europe.

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00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:51,999
Hundreds of thousands were sent
to the gas chambers at Auschwitz.

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00:18:03,560 --> 00:18:07,559
In Auschwitz, more than one million
people were systematically murdered.

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00:18:13,720 --> 00:18:17,719
Thousands of Jews were crowded
into fake showers and then gassed.

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00:18:29,920 --> 00:18:33,919
After the Holocaust
by bullets in Russia,

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the genocide intensified.

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In Paris, and everywhere
else in Europe,

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00:18:49,120 --> 00:18:51,199
the occupation brought poverty.

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00:18:51,200 --> 00:18:53,039
Everything was rationed.

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00:18:53,040 --> 00:18:56,079
And much of what each
occupied country produced

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00:18:56,080 --> 00:19:00,079
went to feed the German army,
a huge burden to bear.

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00:19:02,480 --> 00:19:05,479
The fathers of these boys
were prisoners in Germany,

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00:19:05,480 --> 00:19:09,479
Stalag camps for enlisted men and
Oflag camps for the officers.

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00:19:10,520 --> 00:19:14,519
Gaston Cyrec, imprisoned
in June 1940, wrote:

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00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:19,599
I wasted the five best years
of my life in that Stalag.

239
00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:21,999
From 20 to 25,

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00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:25,999
without my wife.

241
00:19:33,040 --> 00:19:37,039
In exile in London, General de Gaulle
embodied the French Resistance

242
00:19:38,320 --> 00:19:42,319
and in France attacks against the
German occupiers were on the rise.

243
00:19:42,960 --> 00:19:46,959
In retaliation,
hostages were executed.

244
00:19:49,960 --> 00:19:53,959
The occupation of Europe was about
to turn increasingly brutal.

245
00:20:04,040 --> 00:20:08,039
In early 1942 in this global
conflict, the Axis Powers,

246
00:20:09,440 --> 00:20:13,439
the alliance between Germany, Italy
and Japan dominated on all fronts.

247
00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:16,479
The Afrika Korps was
just outside Egypt.

248
00:20:16,480 --> 00:20:19,519
The Wehrmacht occupied
a third of Russia.

249
00:20:19,520 --> 00:20:21,679
The Imperial Navy
of Japan controlled

250
00:20:21,680 --> 00:20:25,679
the Pacific and Germany's submarines
were wreaking havoc in the Atlantic.

251
00:20:30,120 --> 00:20:34,119
Germany's most dangerous weapon
was definitely the U-boat.

252
00:20:34,240 --> 00:20:38,239
In the first few months of 1942,
the U-boats sank 4 million tonnes

253
00:20:39,440 --> 00:20:43,439
of Allied shipping, including oil
tankers, freighters loaded with arms

254
00:20:43,880 --> 00:20:47,879
and ammunition and vessels with fresh
supplies for a struggling Britain.

255
00:20:50,480 --> 00:20:53,999
Even though the United States
had joined the conflict,

256
00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:57,999
the Allies seem to
be losing the war.

257
00:20:58,040 --> 00:21:02,039
The world was on the
brink of total chaos.

258
00:21:10,440 --> 00:21:14,399
The German submariners
describe this

259
00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:18,399
as the happy time and called the
American shores the promised land.

260
00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:21,319
Through their periscopes,

261
00:21:21,320 --> 00:21:25,319
they filmed the bright
lights of New York.

262
00:21:26,880 --> 00:21:29,439
TRAFFIC NOISE AND MUSIC

263
00:21:29,440 --> 00:21:32,119
'We have information
that a squadron...'

264
00:21:32,120 --> 00:21:35,879
The American newspapers
and radios went wild,

265
00:21:35,880 --> 00:21:39,759
spreading panic and fear
of German air-raids.

266
00:21:39,760 --> 00:21:41,559
In reality, planes did not yet

267
00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:44,079
have the range to hit
America from Europe.

268
00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:48,079
Still, the population was told
to black out their lights.

269
00:21:54,240 --> 00:21:57,839
But it was the West Coast,
where the idea of a Japanese

270
00:21:57,840 --> 00:22:01,839
attack seemed more plausible,
that was overtaken by hysteria.

271
00:22:02,960 --> 00:22:06,959
Suddenly, 120,000 Japanese
Americans became suspect.

272
00:22:08,760 --> 00:22:12,479
First, their radios
were confiscated.

273
00:22:12,480 --> 00:22:16,479
And then the local sheriffs
took their fingerprints.

274
00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:22,599
Then the government proclaimed
emergency measures.

275
00:22:22,600 --> 00:22:24,559
Roosevelt declared,

276
00:22:24,560 --> 00:22:27,439
"I admit that it violates
the constitution,

277
00:22:27,440 --> 00:22:31,439
"but it is a
military necessity".

278
00:22:31,920 --> 00:22:34,839
And yet it these Americans of
Japanese ancestry had lived for

279
00:22:34,840 --> 00:22:38,839
generations in California, where
they contributed to the agriculture

280
00:22:39,160 --> 00:22:40,879
and economy of the state.

281
00:22:40,880 --> 00:22:44,879
Most of them were US citizens.

282
00:22:45,720 --> 00:22:49,719
They were given 48 hours to
sell their shops and houses.

283
00:22:50,520 --> 00:22:54,119
They were then evacuated in
groups to relocation centres,

284
00:22:54,120 --> 00:22:58,119
far away in the deserts of Utah,
or up in the snows of Oregon.

285
00:22:59,440 --> 00:23:03,439
Centres euphemistically
called internment camps.

286
00:23:04,040 --> 00:23:08,039
But, which were horribly reminiscent
of another kind of camp.

287
00:23:09,040 --> 00:23:13,039
A shadow across the
reputation of the US.

288
00:23:18,040 --> 00:23:22,039
But nothing diminished the loyalty
of these Japanese Americans.

289
00:23:22,680 --> 00:23:26,159
6,000 served as translators
in the Pacific.

290
00:23:26,160 --> 00:23:30,159
Nearly 20,000 signed up to
fight the Germans in Europe.

291
00:23:30,360 --> 00:23:34,359
The rest would be freed
at the end of the war.

292
00:23:38,440 --> 00:23:42,439
In 1942, America rallied
around its flag.

293
00:23:42,680 --> 00:23:46,679
11 million men enlisted, 6 million
women went to work to replace them

294
00:23:48,480 --> 00:23:52,479
in the armament factories.

295
00:23:55,720 --> 00:23:59,719
Roosevelt set production
targets at 60,000 aircraft.

296
00:24:00,240 --> 00:24:04,239
75,000 tanks and 10
million tonnes of ships.

297
00:24:04,680 --> 00:24:08,239
This was a victory programme.

298
00:24:08,240 --> 00:24:12,239
But victory was uncertain
and very far off.

299
00:24:17,120 --> 00:24:21,119
American opinion was flagging and an
exploit was needed to shore it up.

300
00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:27,399
A daring plan was drawn
up to bomb Japan.

301
00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:32,599
An aircraft carrier, the
USS Hornet sailed as

302
00:24:32,600 --> 00:24:36,599
close to Japan as was possible,
with a squadron of B25 bombers.

303
00:24:37,520 --> 00:24:39,239
This was the first
time such large

304
00:24:39,240 --> 00:24:43,239
planes had attempted to take off
from the compact deck of a carrier.

305
00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:48,639
The air crews were trained by

306
00:24:48,640 --> 00:24:52,639
Air Force Colonel, Jimmy Doolittle,
who had been a famous racing pilot.

307
00:24:53,160 --> 00:24:57,159
He commanded the raid.

308
00:24:58,520 --> 00:25:00,599
Their challenge was
to get airborne

309
00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:04,599
for the long flight to Japan,
fully laden with bombs and fuel.

310
00:25:05,680 --> 00:25:09,679
WHIRRING OF ENGINES

311
00:25:14,640 --> 00:25:18,639
Somehow, they succeeded
in taking off.

312
00:25:20,360 --> 00:25:22,079
Their mission was celebrated in

313
00:25:22,080 --> 00:25:26,079
a popular feature film,
Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo.

314
00:25:30,240 --> 00:25:34,239
They dropped only a few tons of
bombs and caused only minor damage,

315
00:25:34,920 --> 00:25:38,919
but it was a huge slap in the face
for the Empire of the Rising Sun.

316
00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:44,719
One of the aircraft went
down in Japanese territory.

317
00:25:44,720 --> 00:25:46,959
The vengeance was fierce.

318
00:25:46,960 --> 00:25:50,959
Tried for war crimes, the
crew were sentenced to death.

319
00:25:58,320 --> 00:26:02,319
For the Prime Minister, General
Tojo and for Admiral Yamamoto,

320
00:26:02,720 --> 00:26:06,719
the American raid proved it was
necessary to extend their defensive

321
00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:09,999
perimeter further east.

322
00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:12,159
They made a plan to take Midway,

323
00:26:12,160 --> 00:26:15,119
an American military base in
the middle of the Pacific

324
00:26:15,120 --> 00:26:17,159
and then capture Pearl Harbor,

325
00:26:17,160 --> 00:26:21,159
as they had failed to
do six months earlier.

326
00:26:21,360 --> 00:26:25,359
What the Japanese did not know was
that the Americans had successfully

327
00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:29,599
broken their secret military code
and so were aware of the plan.

328
00:26:32,160 --> 00:26:36,159
As a result, the US Commander in
Chief, Admiral Chester Nimitz, was

329
00:26:37,400 --> 00:26:39,159
able to prepare
to defend Midway.

330
00:26:39,160 --> 00:26:43,159
He had fewer aircraft carriers
than Yamamoto, but he gathered

331
00:26:43,280 --> 00:26:47,279
them together in an ambush.

332
00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:54,399
Admiral Yamamoto commanded the
biggest armada ever put together.

333
00:26:56,480 --> 00:27:00,479
200 warships with eight aircraft
carriers and nearly 600 planes.

334
00:27:08,440 --> 00:27:12,439
On board were 5,000
Japanese marines.

335
00:27:12,680 --> 00:27:16,679
And a painter who had come along
to immortalise the battle, Fujita.

336
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:20,759
Before the war in Paris,

337
00:27:20,760 --> 00:27:24,759
he had been a famous artist and had
returned to Japan to do his duty.

338
00:27:27,840 --> 00:27:31,839
On the American side, it was the
eminent Hollywood director,

339
00:27:32,880 --> 00:27:36,879
John Ford who immortalised the
defence of Midway Island on film.

340
00:27:38,280 --> 00:27:42,279
Filming the men on the eve of the
battle they knew was coming,

341
00:27:42,800 --> 00:27:46,799
Ford made it look like one of his
Westerns before the big shoot-out.

342
00:27:55,120 --> 00:27:58,799
At 5am on the morning
of the 7th June, 1942,

343
00:27:58,800 --> 00:28:02,799
Ford filmed the first
Japanese attack,

344
00:28:03,240 --> 00:28:06,639
which devastated
the American base.

345
00:28:06,640 --> 00:28:09,239
SHELLS SQUEAL

346
00:28:09,240 --> 00:28:12,839
A Japanese bomb exploded a little
too close to the film makers,

347
00:28:12,840 --> 00:28:16,839
seriously wounding
Ford, who lost an eye.

348
00:28:18,720 --> 00:28:22,719
In the jeep taking him to the
hospital, Ford came to and said,

349
00:28:23,320 --> 00:28:25,879
"My God, that one was close".

350
00:28:25,880 --> 00:28:28,399
MACHINE GUN FIRES

351
00:28:28,400 --> 00:28:31,999
Then he explained, "the Marines with
me, they were kids from 18 to 22

352
00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:34,919
"and they were the calmest
people I have ever seen.

353
00:28:34,920 --> 00:28:38,919
"I figured then, well, this
war is practically won".

354
00:28:41,640 --> 00:28:45,639
The pilots on board the US aircraft
carriers were not much older.

355
00:28:45,800 --> 00:28:48,839
They were barely out of college.

356
00:28:48,840 --> 00:28:51,639
They paused for John Ford's
cameramen and then took off

357
00:28:51,640 --> 00:28:55,639
to attack the Japanese fleet.

358
00:28:57,120 --> 00:29:01,119
The 8th Torpedo
Squadron struck first.

359
00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:04,719
ENGINES DRONE

360
00:29:04,720 --> 00:29:06,319
One of its pilots,

361
00:29:06,320 --> 00:29:10,319
25 year-old Lieutenant George Gay,
nose-dived over the Japanese fleet.

362
00:29:16,040 --> 00:29:19,479
RAPID HEAVY GUNFIRE

363
00:29:19,480 --> 00:29:22,799
The anti-aircraft guns and the
Japanese aircraft carriers

364
00:29:22,800 --> 00:29:26,799
shot down the American
planes one after another.

365
00:29:28,080 --> 00:29:30,239
EXPLOSION

366
00:29:30,240 --> 00:29:32,039
GUNFIRE

367
00:29:32,040 --> 00:29:34,159
George Gay flew low
over the waves.

368
00:29:34,160 --> 00:29:36,119
He had been shot down.

369
00:29:36,120 --> 00:29:40,119
He surfaced in the water,
miraculously unhurt.

370
00:29:41,320 --> 00:29:44,759
A few hundred yards away he could
see the feverish activity on board

371
00:29:44,760 --> 00:29:47,559
the Japanese aircraft carriers.

372
00:29:47,560 --> 00:29:51,079
Aircraft were being fuelled up
and bombs loaded in preparation

373
00:29:51,080 --> 00:29:55,079
for their second wave of attack.

374
00:29:55,680 --> 00:29:59,399
At that very moment, when
the Japanese carriers

375
00:29:59,400 --> 00:30:02,679
were most vulnerable, another
squadron of US bombers arrived

376
00:30:02,680 --> 00:30:04,719
over the Japanese ships.

377
00:30:04,720 --> 00:30:07,799
It was an incredible stroke of
luck for the American pilots,

378
00:30:07,800 --> 00:30:11,799
who sank four Japanese
aircraft carriers.

379
00:30:13,920 --> 00:30:17,479
George Gay, still in the
water, witnessed the drama.

380
00:30:17,480 --> 00:30:20,999
"I found myself in the middle of the
Japanese wrecks and the sharks.

381
00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:23,199
"I saw the Japanese
planes coming

382
00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:25,879
"back from their first
attack on Midway.

383
00:30:25,880 --> 00:30:29,479
"They were looking for their aircraft
carriers, the ones we'd just sunk.

384
00:30:29,480 --> 00:30:32,079
"So I saw the Japanese
pilots who had

385
00:30:32,080 --> 00:30:36,079
"by now run out of fuel,
landing in the water".

386
00:30:51,440 --> 00:30:55,439
George Gay was finally rescued
by an American destroyer.

387
00:30:55,560 --> 00:30:59,559
He went on to become
an airline pilot.

388
00:30:59,560 --> 00:31:03,559
The US aircraft carrier, Yorktown,
had been damaged by the Japanese.

389
00:31:07,160 --> 00:31:11,159
The wounded were being tended
to on the flight deck,

390
00:31:11,960 --> 00:31:15,959
and the carrier set about
to return to its base.

391
00:31:19,680 --> 00:31:23,679
But next morning, it was torpedoed
by the Japanese submarine, I168.

392
00:31:39,440 --> 00:31:42,399
The Americans had lost
an aircraft carrier.

393
00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:46,399
♪ The Last Post

394
00:31:48,280 --> 00:31:51,719
But the Japanese had lost four.

395
00:31:51,720 --> 00:31:55,679
This was the first Japanese defeat
and it boosted Allied morale.

396
00:31:55,680 --> 00:31:59,679
"It restored our
confidence", said Churchill.

397
00:32:03,840 --> 00:32:07,639
But it didn't seem to
have weakened Japan.

398
00:32:07,640 --> 00:32:11,559
Defeated at Midway in the
middle of the Pacific,

399
00:32:11,560 --> 00:32:15,559
Japanese forces continued to
advance south towards Australia.

400
00:32:16,880 --> 00:32:20,879
Darwin, the northernmost city in
Australia had already been bombed

401
00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:25,599
by the Japanese and was now
preparing for an invasion -

402
00:32:25,600 --> 00:32:27,559
the Continent's first war.

403
00:32:27,560 --> 00:32:31,559
SHOUTING

404
00:32:32,800 --> 00:32:36,799
But the Americans were now focused
on the island of Guadalcanal.

405
00:32:39,800 --> 00:32:43,559
One of their reconnaissance planes
had discovered the Japanese were

406
00:32:43,560 --> 00:32:47,559
building an airfield on the island,
posing a great threat to Australia.

407
00:32:59,320 --> 00:33:03,319
So the Americans launched what would
be the first of many landings

408
00:33:03,600 --> 00:33:07,599
in the Pacific War.

409
00:33:15,640 --> 00:33:19,639
On 7th August 1942, US Marines
landed in Guadalcanal.

410
00:33:20,840 --> 00:33:24,119
Initially, they didn't
encounter any resistance

411
00:33:24,120 --> 00:33:25,959
and headed into the jungle.

412
00:33:25,960 --> 00:33:28,679
One of them, Edwin
Morgan, observed...

413
00:33:28,680 --> 00:33:32,039
We were getting to
know the jungle.

414
00:33:32,040 --> 00:33:35,919
It was full of suspicious
noises that were frightening,

415
00:33:35,920 --> 00:33:37,079
and I was afraid.

416
00:33:37,080 --> 00:33:38,919
But we said to ourselves,

417
00:33:38,920 --> 00:33:42,799
"There's no reason for the
Japanese to be better than us.

418
00:33:42,800 --> 00:33:44,639
"They all live in cities.

419
00:33:44,640 --> 00:33:48,639
"There are no jungles in Japan."

420
00:33:59,280 --> 00:34:03,279
The marines were professionals,
and the Japanese were fanatics.

421
00:34:04,120 --> 00:34:07,399
The Japanese were so confident
of their superiority

422
00:34:07,400 --> 00:34:09,799
that they charged
with fixed bayonets,

423
00:34:09,800 --> 00:34:12,799
just like in the First
World War at the Somme,

424
00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:16,799
against machine gun fire...

425
00:34:29,080 --> 00:34:33,079
..with the same result as
at the Somme - a bloodbath.

426
00:34:38,240 --> 00:34:42,239
900 Japanese soldiers were killed
in the Battle of Tenaru River.

427
00:34:56,440 --> 00:34:59,759
The marines were then able
to capture the airfield.

428
00:34:59,760 --> 00:35:03,159
They secured it and enlarged the
runway for the first planes

429
00:35:03,160 --> 00:35:07,159
of the Marine air force, called
the Black Sheep Squadron.

430
00:35:10,960 --> 00:35:14,959
The airfield became the target of
repeated shellings by the Japanese,

431
00:35:15,320 --> 00:35:18,559
and at night, their cruisers used
to sail up and down the coast

432
00:35:18,560 --> 00:35:21,839
and pound the Americans
with such regularity

433
00:35:21,840 --> 00:35:25,839
that the marines called
them the Tokyo Express.

434
00:35:30,760 --> 00:35:34,199
Despite winning a victory
in the sea of Guadalcanal,

435
00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:38,199
an elite Japanese regiment
still got through to reinforce

436
00:35:38,520 --> 00:35:41,039
the garrison on the island.

437
00:35:41,040 --> 00:35:44,159
These Japanese marines
were fearsome warriors,

438
00:35:44,160 --> 00:35:46,879
but they had not been
issued with any defence

439
00:35:46,880 --> 00:35:48,719
against tropical diseases.

440
00:35:48,720 --> 00:35:52,719
Malaria killed half of them.

441
00:35:53,920 --> 00:35:56,199
The other half would
sacrifice themselves

442
00:35:56,200 --> 00:35:59,159
in keeping with the
Bushido tradition.

443
00:35:59,160 --> 00:36:02,519
Their commander, Colonel Ichiki,

444
00:36:02,520 --> 00:36:06,519
reminded them of the Samurai
motto, "Duty is heavy

445
00:36:06,720 --> 00:36:10,719
"like a mountain, but a soldier's
death is light like a feather."

446
00:36:20,520 --> 00:36:24,319
The jungle on Guadalcanal proved
to be a deadly killing ground

447
00:36:24,320 --> 00:36:28,319
for both sides.

448
00:36:32,640 --> 00:36:36,119
The US Marines felt as if they
were trapped in what they called,

449
00:36:36,120 --> 00:36:39,679
"A green hell."

450
00:36:39,680 --> 00:36:43,679
They, too, became ill and
their wounds became infected.

451
00:36:45,120 --> 00:36:49,119
But the fighting went on for six
months in a bitter war of attrition.

452
00:36:56,120 --> 00:36:59,279
On the other side of the
world on the Eastern Front,

453
00:36:59,280 --> 00:37:02,839
the Red Army was going
through its own ordeal.

454
00:37:02,840 --> 00:37:06,839
The Russians called it the
black summer of 1942.

455
00:37:09,280 --> 00:37:11,839
The Germans had resumed
their march eastwards

456
00:37:11,840 --> 00:37:13,879
and were taking prisoners again.

457
00:37:13,880 --> 00:37:16,679
But this time, the Soviet
soldiers tried to get away

458
00:37:16,680 --> 00:37:17,959
before being captured

459
00:37:17,960 --> 00:37:21,959
and left nothing but
scorched earth behind them.

460
00:37:27,200 --> 00:37:31,199
Hitler thought they were fleeing,
but this was an order from Stalin.

461
00:37:33,920 --> 00:37:36,319
Yet for the soldiers
of the Wehrmacht,

462
00:37:36,320 --> 00:37:40,319
a fierce battle had to be
waged for every single town.

463
00:37:49,280 --> 00:37:53,279
Major Hawke of the 18th
Infantry Regiment wrote...

464
00:37:54,640 --> 00:37:58,079
The new recruits are not used
to this kind of fighting.

465
00:37:58,080 --> 00:38:02,079
They soon get depressed, go
crazy and are struck down.

466
00:38:02,720 --> 00:38:06,039
On August 8th, we lost
35 young men like this

467
00:38:06,040 --> 00:38:10,039
out of the 50 who were
killed in the 6th Company.

468
00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:21,999
Into this quagmire Hitler
threw everything he had -

469
00:38:22,560 --> 00:38:24,679
a total of five million men.

470
00:38:24,680 --> 00:38:28,679
But he estimated that he still
needed 800,000 more men

471
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:30,279
to win the campaign,

472
00:38:30,280 --> 00:38:33,879
so Hitler called on his Romanian,
Hungarian and Italian allies

473
00:38:33,880 --> 00:38:35,039
to provide the rest,

474
00:38:35,040 --> 00:38:38,199
and most of these men were
forced to go and fight for him.

475
00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:41,959
Sieg Heil!

476
00:38:41,960 --> 00:38:45,959
The Italians, thrown into this
war by Mussolini's megalomania,

477
00:38:46,320 --> 00:38:47,679
suffered dreadfully.

478
00:38:47,680 --> 00:38:49,239
Out of 300,000,

479
00:38:49,240 --> 00:38:53,239
only 10,000 ever returned home.

480
00:38:56,160 --> 00:39:00,159
Hitler's goal was no longer
Moscow but southern Russia.

481
00:39:03,440 --> 00:39:05,919
He was planning a
colossal pincer movement

482
00:39:05,920 --> 00:39:09,159
that would sweep through the
oilfields in the Caucasus,

483
00:39:09,160 --> 00:39:11,679
linking up with Rommel
advancing through Egypt

484
00:39:11,680 --> 00:39:15,679
and the oilfields
of the Middle East.

485
00:39:16,320 --> 00:39:20,319
Hitler's other goal was Stalingrad,
Stalin's city, and its factories.

486
00:39:22,560 --> 00:39:26,519
Hitler launched both
offensives at the same time.

487
00:39:26,520 --> 00:39:28,799
This alarmed his
military commanders.

488
00:39:28,800 --> 00:39:32,799
Hitler split up his forces, just as
he had done in the previous year.

489
00:39:34,520 --> 00:39:38,519
One part of the Wehrmacht advanced
deep into the Russian steppe.

490
00:39:39,040 --> 00:39:42,879
General von Kleist remarked...

491
00:39:42,880 --> 00:39:45,759
"In front of me, no enemies.

492
00:39:45,760 --> 00:39:49,759
"Behind me, no reserves."

493
00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:55,799
They reached the Caucasus mountains
and headed for the Iranian border,

494
00:39:55,800 --> 00:39:59,799
which had become a supply route for
American aid to the Soviet Union.

495
00:40:01,880 --> 00:40:05,879
But they never got there.

496
00:40:09,160 --> 00:40:12,679
Meanwhile, the rest of the
German forces, the 6th Army,

497
00:40:12,680 --> 00:40:16,679
led by General von Paulus, was
advancing towards Stalingrad.

498
00:40:18,520 --> 00:40:22,519
To try to stop the relentless
advance of the German tanks,

499
00:40:22,520 --> 00:40:26,239
the Russians began to
use desperate means...

500
00:40:26,240 --> 00:40:29,719
dogs.

501
00:40:29,720 --> 00:40:32,519
The Russians had hastily
put together a technique

502
00:40:32,520 --> 00:40:35,079
based on the work of the
famous scientist Pavlov

503
00:40:35,080 --> 00:40:37,319
and his theory of
conditioned reflexes.

504
00:40:37,320 --> 00:40:40,599
The dogs were starved and
trained to seek their food

505
00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:44,279
under a tracked vehicle.

506
00:40:44,280 --> 00:40:47,399
They were strapped up with
remote-controlled explosives

507
00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:51,399
and freed at the last minute when
a German tank came into view.

508
00:40:53,600 --> 00:40:55,239
BARKING

509
00:40:55,240 --> 00:40:58,559
TANK APPROACHES

510
00:40:58,560 --> 00:41:02,559
EXPLOSION

511
00:41:02,640 --> 00:41:06,639
In August 1942,
Churchill and Harriman,

512
00:41:07,080 --> 00:41:11,079
Roosevelt's ambassador, flew
to Moscow to meet with Stalin.

513
00:41:11,280 --> 00:41:15,279
He was demanding that a second
front be opened in the west.

514
00:41:16,720 --> 00:41:19,359
Churchill made his famous
"V for victory" sign,

515
00:41:19,360 --> 00:41:21,599
but he was forced
to admit to Stalin

516
00:41:21,600 --> 00:41:24,359
that the Allies were
not able to help him

517
00:41:24,360 --> 00:41:27,239
against the Germans
on the Eastern Front.

518
00:41:27,240 --> 00:41:31,239
Harriman promised aid and
equipment, but Stalin was furious.

519
00:41:32,440 --> 00:41:36,439
He knew that for the time being, he
would have to fight Hitler alone.

520
00:41:37,680 --> 00:41:40,479
So he assigned the
defence of Stalingrad

521
00:41:40,480 --> 00:41:42,759
to one of his most
ruthless henchmen,

522
00:41:42,760 --> 00:41:45,439
the Ukrainian Nikita Khrushchev,

523
00:41:45,440 --> 00:41:48,559
who'd been responsible for
several of Stalin's massacres

524
00:41:48,560 --> 00:41:50,759
before the war.

525
00:41:50,760 --> 00:41:54,759
Khrushchev passed on Stalin's
order not to retreat.

526
00:41:55,400 --> 00:41:59,399
He would have 15,000 men
shot for lack of courage.

527
00:42:02,440 --> 00:42:06,239
But even he was unable to
stop the German advance

528
00:42:06,240 --> 00:42:10,239
from arriving in the
outskirts of Stalingrad.

529
00:42:22,720 --> 00:42:26,079
At the beginning
of September 1942,

530
00:42:26,080 --> 00:42:29,399
Paulus reached the main
railway line to Moscow.

531
00:42:29,400 --> 00:42:31,919
He followed the line all
the way to Stalingrad

532
00:42:31,920 --> 00:42:35,919
and took the central
train station.

533
00:42:38,280 --> 00:42:40,999
GUNFIRE

534
00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:44,999
GUNFIRE AND EXPLOSIONS

535
00:42:52,800 --> 00:42:55,399
The Stukas prepared
to dive-bomb the city

536
00:42:55,400 --> 00:42:57,719
that was the pride
of the Soviet Union,

537
00:42:57,720 --> 00:43:01,719
the greatest industrial city
in the communist world.

538
00:43:02,760 --> 00:43:04,999
It had been built to
look after the workers,

539
00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:08,199
with its garden estates
and its model factories.

540
00:43:08,200 --> 00:43:12,199
AIR RAID SIRENS

541
00:43:12,920 --> 00:43:16,919
The German bombs killed
thousands of civilians.

542
00:43:25,320 --> 00:43:29,319
AIRPLANE ENGINES

543
00:43:33,560 --> 00:43:37,559
The mammoth tractor factory where
T-34 tanks had been manufactured

544
00:43:38,720 --> 00:43:42,719
was reduced to a pile of rubble.

545
00:43:45,560 --> 00:43:49,359
Yet these ruins then became
blockhouses and fortresses

546
00:43:49,360 --> 00:43:51,799
that the Germans had
to capture one by one

547
00:43:51,800 --> 00:43:54,399
in intense hand-to-hand combat.

548
00:43:54,400 --> 00:43:57,119
And they suffered
heavy casualties,

549
00:43:57,120 --> 00:44:00,359
but nothing compared
to the Russian losses.

550
00:44:00,360 --> 00:44:04,359
GUNFIRE AND EXPLOSIONS

551
00:44:17,240 --> 00:44:21,239
SHOTS FIRED

552
00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:27,599
GUNSHOT

553
00:44:45,120 --> 00:44:47,039
After four weeks of
dogged fighting,

554
00:44:47,040 --> 00:44:51,039
the Germans finally got to the top
of the only high point in the city,

555
00:44:51,520 --> 00:44:53,159
Mamayev hill.

556
00:44:53,160 --> 00:44:57,159
From here, they could look
out over most of Stalingrad.

557
00:45:06,760 --> 00:45:10,399
Then, on 15th October 1942,

558
00:45:10,400 --> 00:45:12,799
the Germans reached
their next goal -

559
00:45:12,800 --> 00:45:15,159
the great Russian
river, the Volga.

560
00:45:15,160 --> 00:45:18,559
Only a thin strip
of land was left,

561
00:45:18,560 --> 00:45:22,559
still held by a few
Soviet fighters.

562
00:45:23,840 --> 00:45:26,159
General Paulus informed Hitler

563
00:45:26,160 --> 00:45:29,279
that the swastika was
flying over the city,

564
00:45:29,280 --> 00:45:33,239
now occupied by the 6th Army.

565
00:45:33,240 --> 00:45:35,799
Hitler had a special medal
made to commemorate

566
00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:38,599
the capture of Stalingrad.

567
00:45:38,600 --> 00:45:41,039
He was delighted.

568
00:45:41,040 --> 00:45:45,039
Hitler gathered his henchmen together
- Goering, Goebbels,

569
00:45:45,440 --> 00:45:49,439
Himmler and other devotees - and
announced the good news, saying,

570
00:45:49,720 --> 00:45:53,719
"I wanted to take that
city, Stalin's city.

571
00:45:55,000 --> 00:45:57,279
"It's finally ours.

572
00:45:57,280 --> 00:46:00,439
"Ships can no longer
sail up the Volga.

573
00:46:00,440 --> 00:46:04,439
"This is the most
important thing."

574
00:46:11,520 --> 00:46:15,519
But in Stalingrad itself, the
battle was far from over.

575
00:46:44,960 --> 00:46:48,959
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