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This is the campus of University
of California in Los Angeles.

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Today, no one of the students is aware

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that this is ground zero of
one of the biggest revolutions

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we as humans are experiencing.

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One of the science buildings here

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is considered the birthplace of the internet.

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This picture of some of
the scientists involved

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was taken at this very moment.

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The corridors here look repulsive

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and yet this one leads
to some sort of a shrine

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reconstructed years later

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when its importance had sunk in.

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Let's enter this very special place.

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We are now entering a sacred location.

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It's the location where the internet began.

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It's a holy place.

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And we've just come back to 1969

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when the critical events of the origin began.

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That machine over there is the first piece

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of the internet equipment ever installed.

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It's a mini computer,
which we now call a packet switch.

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This is a...

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military hardened machine.

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You can't break it.

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And it was meant to sustain itself,
unattended, for years at a time.

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This particular machine
is so ugly on the inside,

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it is beautiful.

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It has a unique odor.

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A delicious old odor from all the old parts.

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It consists of modems,

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CPU logic units, memory,

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power supply... all the things you need
to make an efficient computer work.

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This machine served as the first
node of the internet for decades.

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And it was from here
that the first message was sent.

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A revolution began.

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And the only record we have
of what happened that day

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is in this log.

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On October 29th, 1969 at 10:30 at night

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we enter that we "talked
to Stanford Research Institute

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host to host" computer to computer.

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It's very much like when on Columbus' ship,

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the fellow up on top who first spotted land,

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he noticed it was and he
basically made an entry

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saying "we spotted land".

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That document and this document have
at least the same equivalent importance.

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Now what was that first message?

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Many people don't know it.

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All we wanted to do
was log in from our computer

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to a computer 400 miles to the north,
up in Stanford Research Institute.

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To log in you have to type "LOG"

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and that machine is smart
enough to type the "IN".

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Now to make sure this was happening properly,

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we had our programmer and the programmer

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up north connected by a telephone handset
just to make sure it was going correctly.

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So Charlie typed the L and he said

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"You get the L?" Bill said,
"Yup, I got the L."

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He typed the O. "Get the O?"
"Yup, I got the O".

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He typed the G. "Get the G?"

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Crash! The SRI computer crashed.

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So the first message ever
on the internet was "Lo"

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as in "Lo and Behold".

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We couldn't have asked for a more succinct,

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more powerful, more prophetic message

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than "Lo".

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Well, I've been involved with the internet
really since the very beginning.

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Um, there are a number of things that
would characterize that involvement.

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One was I started out being the, essentially
the system designer of the ARPANET,

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the very first packet net.

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I joined DARPA in the early 1970s and
started two other networking programs:

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one a ground base packet radio net

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like today's cellular
phones and a satellite net

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on Intel's Dot4 based on packets.

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And the internet was about
connecting them all together

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and the essential elements there

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were the protocols that
would make that possible

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and the technology that would be needed

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inside the net to enable these
different nets to work together.

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Vint Cerf, here in 1973,

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and Bob Kahn collaborating together

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created the fundamental
protocol for the internet.

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For this they received
some of the highest honors

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our society can bestow.

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Imagine, if you will,
sitting down to your morning coffee,

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turning on your home computer
to read the day's newspaper.

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Well, it's not as far fetched as it may seem.

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Seventeen stories up in his
fashionable North Beach apartment,

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Richard Halloran is calling a local number

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that will connect him with
a computer in Columbus, Ohio.

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Meanwhile, across town in this
less than fashionable

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cubby hole at The San Francisco Examiner

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these editors are programming
today's copy of the paper

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into that same Ohio computer.

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When the telephone connection
between these two terminals

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is made, the newest form of
electronic journalism

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lights up Mr. Halloran's television
with just about everything

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The Examiner prints in its regular edition.

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Of the estimated two to three thousand
home computer owners in the Bay Area,

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The Chronicle reports over 500 have responded

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by sending back coupons.

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This report,

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considering the numbers
of internet users today,

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sounds already like pre-history.

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No one at that time had a clue

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about the explosion of
information technology.

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Today if you would burn CDs

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of the worldwide data flow for one single day

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and stack them up to a pile,

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this pile would reach up to Mars and back.

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The internet is already
permeating everything.

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Even on the International Space Station

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a phone call from one module to the next

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goes via the internet.

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But how do we keep it running?
How do we guard it?

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I still have a copy of the phone directory

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from the late 1970s of everybody

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who was on the internet and it
was a document about that thick

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and it had the name, address,

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and telephone number of every single person.

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Actually it had it twice because it had it
once sorted by their email address

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and once sorted by their actual name.

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So if you had a problem with anybody,
you could look them up, you could find them.

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You could find who the actual person was
associated with that email address.

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And still today I thumb through that

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and a surprising fraction
of the people I actually knew.

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For example, there were two
other Danny's on the internet,

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and I knew them both. I still know them both.

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Of course now you can't even comprehend

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the idea of a directory

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that contains the name of everybody.

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Today, we couldn't know exactly,

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the directory might be some 72 miles thick.

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The capacity on the ith channel

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should be the traffic on the ith channel

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over the speed of the ith channel

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plus how much is left over,

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that's how much capacity is left over,

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and you split it

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according to the square root
of the traffic on that channel

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over the summation of the
square root over all channels.

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The way the internet works,

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there's no fixed route that a message takes.

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In the early days of the protocol there was
a kind of a bug and one of the computers

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actually had a hardware failure

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that made it believe that
it could get a message to some place

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in negative time.

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So, of course, every message in the internet

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did better by sending it through that
computer because it subtracted the time

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net required to send the message.

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And so all the messages in the internet
started getting sent through that computer,

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which of course got slower
and slower and slower.

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So the internet kind of
started to grind to a halt.

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The mean response time
now will look like this.

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It will be equal to the average path length

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times the summation of the square root

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of the traffic on the J channel

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over the sum of all traffics

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summed over all channels squared

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over uc (1 minus n-bar rho).

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Whatever that equation means, it tells you
what the minimum response time will be

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for a network once it's optimized.

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The computer was claiming that it could
deliver the message before you even sent it.

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So if you had a post office like that
of course you would use it, right?

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This was a simplified but
exact model at the time.

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Now we have other aspects of it.

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But it's basically the underlying
principles of the network,

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and one of the things we found, surprisingly,

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was that the larger the network is

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the far more efficient it becomes.

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Like a gambling casino that certainly makes
money if you have millions of gamblers

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at the slot machines?

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Very much so.

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You've articulated what we call

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the law of large numbers.

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The law of large numbers says

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that a large population of
unpredictable players,

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or messages,

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collectively behaves
in a very predictable fashion,

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a fashion we can write down exactly.

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And therefore we can predict the
performance of a network when its large.

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The underlying technology has scaled

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by a factor of a million
in computational speed,

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in bandwidth of communications,

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in storage capacity and it
may go for another decade

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to a factor of a billion or even a trillion.

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Nothing in the history of
mankind has ever worked

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as a technological contribution
over that span of growth.

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Back to the very early times,

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times of speculative concepts
of a connected world...

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in the early 60s,

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many years before the first
Apple personal computer,

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a young thinker, Ted Nelson,

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had his own ideas about
creating a computer network.

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The web as we know it took a different route,

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but Nelson's ideas are still dormant.

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It was an experience
of water and interconnection.

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I was with my grandparents
in a rowboat in Chicago,

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so I must have been five years old
and I was trailing my hand in the water.

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And I thought about how the water
was moving around my fingers,

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opening on one side and closing on the other,

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and that changing system of relationships

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where everything was kind of similar,

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kind of the same and yet different.

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That was so difficult to
visualize and express,

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and just generalizing that
to the entire universe that

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the world is a system

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of ever changing relationships and structures

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struck me as...

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a vast truth... which it is!

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And...

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so interconnection and
expressing that interconnection

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has been the center of all my thinking,

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and all my computer work

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has been about expressing and representing

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00:12:01,890 --> 00:12:05,530
and showing interconnection
among writings especially.

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00:12:06,450 --> 00:12:08,930
And writing is the process of reducing

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a tapestry of interconnection
to a narrow sequence.

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And this is in a sense illicit.

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This is a wrongful compression
of what should spread out.

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And today's computers they've betrayed that

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because there's no system for decent
cut and paste and they've changed

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the meaning of the words "cut and paste"
and pretended it was the same thing.

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So a guy named Larry Tesler,
whom I consider to be a good friend,

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nevertheless changed those words

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and I consider that to be a crime against
humanity and he doesn't understand why.

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Because humanity has no decent writing tools.

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In any case, this is the problem:
interconnection and representation

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and sequentialization all...

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similar to the issue of water.

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So here we have a parallel presentation

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that shows the quotation
connected to its original context.

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"In the beginning God created
the heaven and the earth"

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and where is that from?
That is from the King James Bible.

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So we can step down to the next quotation.

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"Adam and Lilith immediately began to fight"

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and that is from the Alphabet of ben Sira.

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And so as we pull back we
can see successive pages

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coming up to connect with their sources

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or with their linked contents.

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His vision of links never materialized.

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By some he was labeled
insane for clinging on.

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There are two contradictory slogans.

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One is that continuing to do the same thing

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and expecting a different result
is the definition of insanity.

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On the other hand, if at
first you don't succeed,

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try, try again.

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I prefer the latter because I don't want
to be remembered as the guy who didn't.

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No, to us you appear to be
the only one around

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who is clinically sane.

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00:13:55,170 --> 00:13:58,230
No one has ever said that before.

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Usually I hear the opposite.

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Thank you very much for talking with us.

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It was wonderful.

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00:14:08,690 --> 00:14:09,770
Marvelous.

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What a team.

255
00:14:12,290 --> 00:14:13,730
Yes, now it's your turn.

256
00:14:25,250 --> 00:14:27,010
Today the sheer numbers

257
00:14:27,170 --> 00:14:30,050
of unpredictable players on the internet

258
00:14:30,210 --> 00:14:33,410
has led to some of its greatest glories.

259
00:14:34,850 --> 00:14:38,170
Fundamental research into cancer, AIDS,

260
00:14:38,370 --> 00:14:39,770
and other diseases,

261
00:14:40,090 --> 00:14:42,930
has been slowed down by a complex problem

262
00:14:43,170 --> 00:14:46,730
which has to do with
the intricate folding of molecules.

263
00:14:47,650 --> 00:14:50,810
Scientists using super computers

264
00:14:51,010 --> 00:14:52,450
could not solve it.

265
00:14:52,930 --> 00:14:55,770
Adrien Treuille was one of the creators

266
00:14:55,970 --> 00:14:59,050
of a video game calling upon the community

267
00:14:59,250 --> 00:15:02,010
of video gamers out there in the world.

268
00:15:04,130 --> 00:15:07,370
Here we can see an RNA molecule

269
00:15:07,650 --> 00:15:09,570
folded up into

270
00:15:09,730 --> 00:15:12,130
this beautiful helical pattern,

271
00:15:12,370 --> 00:15:13,730
it forms a helix,

272
00:15:14,170 --> 00:15:17,970
and the amazing thing is that this pattern

273
00:15:18,130 --> 00:15:20,810
is formed out of very, very simple rules

274
00:15:21,010 --> 00:15:24,050
which pull it together and create this shape.

275
00:15:24,450 --> 00:15:26,250
And so it's a little bit like...

276
00:15:27,490 --> 00:15:31,090
you can think of your hands
as there are simple rules

277
00:15:31,250 --> 00:15:33,290
which determine how it can bend,

278
00:15:33,650 --> 00:15:37,130
and then there are certain ways
in which it loves to come together

279
00:15:37,330 --> 00:15:38,810
to form a compact shape

280
00:15:39,170 --> 00:15:42,450
and that's just what these molecules
are doing in the body.

281
00:15:42,850 --> 00:15:46,010
And your shirts, for example,
you are into shirt folding?

282
00:15:46,210 --> 00:15:47,850
These molecules

283
00:15:48,890 --> 00:15:53,530
fold up in much the same way
that a shirt folds.

284
00:15:53,730 --> 00:15:56,170
You can imagine it starts completely unfolded

285
00:15:56,370 --> 00:15:59,050
and not at all suitable
to put in your drawer,

286
00:15:59,250 --> 00:16:01,450
but if you follow very, very simple rules

287
00:16:01,650 --> 00:16:03,490
it becomes this beautiful package

288
00:16:03,650 --> 00:16:07,770
that you can then store and show.

289
00:16:07,970 --> 00:16:11,090
We took the latest scientific models

290
00:16:11,290 --> 00:16:14,890
of a biomolecule folding

291
00:16:15,290 --> 00:16:17,250
and we created a game

292
00:16:17,690 --> 00:16:22,010
and we put it on the web without
knowing what would happen

293
00:16:22,650 --> 00:16:26,810
and without knowing if
it would be fun at all,

294
00:16:27,010 --> 00:16:29,810
if anyone would come, and...

295
00:16:30,690 --> 00:16:35,850
instantly people arrived
and they broke down the computers.

296
00:16:36,050 --> 00:16:37,570
We had to build new computers.

297
00:16:37,730 --> 00:16:41,610
And they played and they
spoke with one another

298
00:16:41,810 --> 00:16:45,930
and they taught one another
about the science as non-experts,

299
00:16:46,130 --> 00:16:49,850
and they began reading papers and they
began studying and understanding.

300
00:16:50,050 --> 00:16:53,490
We have lawyers, we have school kids,

301
00:16:54,370 --> 00:16:57,650
we have retired people,
we have bedridden people,

302
00:16:58,130 --> 00:16:59,810
we have grandmas.

303
00:17:01,250 --> 00:17:06,130
It's really everyone from age 10 to age 100.

304
00:17:06,810 --> 00:17:08,530
This idea was impossible

305
00:17:08,690 --> 00:17:12,010
before the internet and
the response was stunning.

306
00:17:12,450 --> 00:17:16,130
Within days, hundreds of thousands joined in

307
00:17:16,290 --> 00:17:18,210
and they solved the puzzle.

308
00:17:18,370 --> 00:17:19,810
The world responded,

309
00:17:20,410 --> 00:17:21,730
and it was beautiful.

310
00:17:22,970 --> 00:17:25,650
And here is where you'd design a new molecule

311
00:17:26,210 --> 00:17:31,650
and in many ways we tried to...

312
00:17:33,650 --> 00:17:35,490
subliminally, you might say,

313
00:17:36,650 --> 00:17:39,730
help the players understand

314
00:17:39,930 --> 00:17:42,650
and inhabit the world of the molecule.

315
00:17:42,970 --> 00:17:45,730
So we placed the whole game in this water

316
00:17:45,890 --> 00:17:49,050
and we put all of these little bubbles

317
00:17:49,210 --> 00:17:50,450
in the background,

318
00:17:50,650 --> 00:17:53,370
but they're part of the
story of what's happening.

319
00:17:54,370 --> 00:17:57,010
Each molecule has its own sound,

320
00:17:57,570 --> 00:18:00,450
and these sounds are specifically designed

321
00:18:00,610 --> 00:18:03,130
so that when the molecule is well-folded

322
00:18:03,330 --> 00:18:04,610
they form harmonies.

323
00:18:08,450 --> 00:18:10,530
And if something doesn't fit together

324
00:18:10,690 --> 00:18:12,650
it will form a dissonance.

325
00:18:17,490 --> 00:18:19,850
It's actually kind of hard to make it do it.

326
00:18:20,770 --> 00:18:23,650
These are real chemical results

327
00:18:23,930 --> 00:18:27,010
of actual molecules that we,

328
00:18:27,370 --> 00:18:29,730
players designed and we built them.

329
00:18:30,210 --> 00:18:31,490
So we say, EteRNA

330
00:18:31,930 --> 00:18:35,970
is played by humans but scored by nature.

331
00:18:36,610 --> 00:18:37,730
In other words,

332
00:18:37,970 --> 00:18:41,450
nature determines
who wins and who loses the game

333
00:18:42,050 --> 00:18:43,170
and that's science.

334
00:18:44,610 --> 00:18:48,810
The solutions of the video
gamers are not just fantasies.

335
00:18:49,170 --> 00:18:50,290
They are verifiable

336
00:18:50,490 --> 00:18:52,930
and can be synthesized in the lab.

337
00:19:00,290 --> 00:19:04,410
Sebastian Thrun is also
reaching out into the world.

338
00:19:04,610 --> 00:19:08,610
Originally he's become famous
with self-driving cars.

339
00:19:09,810 --> 00:19:12,610
My dream is to go and
give every human being a chance

340
00:19:12,770 --> 00:19:14,050
and the best way to do this is education.

341
00:19:14,210 --> 00:19:17,450
So we built this little
company that we called Udacity

342
00:19:17,810 --> 00:19:19,770
that offers education for free.

343
00:19:20,090 --> 00:19:23,890
We have hundreds of thousands of students
staying with us at any given point in time.

344
00:19:24,450 --> 00:19:28,610
We've been amazed how fast
our student base has grown.

345
00:19:29,210 --> 00:19:31,530
There's a real thirst for education, like,

346
00:19:31,730 --> 00:19:35,010
as the machines are becoming smarter
I think people want to become smarter.

347
00:19:35,170 --> 00:19:36,410
People want to make a contribution

348
00:19:36,570 --> 00:19:38,450
and it's harder and harder
to make a contribution today

349
00:19:38,610 --> 00:19:40,130
and it'll be even harder in the future

350
00:19:40,370 --> 00:19:42,810
so we've really got to go and do
something for ourselves

351
00:19:43,010 --> 00:19:45,290
and the best thing we can
do I think is education.

352
00:19:45,850 --> 00:19:48,850
In the very beginning of
my journey into education,

353
00:19:49,050 --> 00:19:52,530
I had a chance to teach a class online
and teach a class at Stanford.

354
00:19:52,730 --> 00:19:54,490
At Stanford you got 200 students.

355
00:19:54,690 --> 00:19:57,210
I considered myself an
extremely great teacher

356
00:19:57,410 --> 00:19:58,810
so I got a large class,

357
00:19:59,490 --> 00:20:02,010
but online we got 160,000 students.

358
00:20:02,210 --> 00:20:03,810
160 thousand.

359
00:20:03,970 --> 00:20:06,050
And when we finally finished this class

360
00:20:06,210 --> 00:20:08,890
we were able to stack
rank the Stanford students,

361
00:20:09,090 --> 00:20:11,650
who are the most privileged
and most selected students,

362
00:20:12,290 --> 00:20:14,130
with the students from the open world.

363
00:20:14,330 --> 00:20:17,250
And the top 412 students,
they weren't at Stanford.

364
00:20:17,410 --> 00:20:20,650
The best performing
Stanford student was number 413

365
00:20:21,210 --> 00:20:22,370
out of a class of 200.

366
00:20:23,010 --> 00:20:26,610
That kind of opened my eyes and I realized,
my god, for every great Stanford student

367
00:20:26,810 --> 00:20:28,930
there is 412 amazingly great,

368
00:20:29,090 --> 00:20:32,450
even better students in the world
that don't make it to Stanford.

369
00:20:33,490 --> 00:20:35,090
Just before heading into the mountain section

370
00:20:35,290 --> 00:20:39,250
of the course, Stanley tracked down
and passed the crippled Highlander,

371
00:20:39,450 --> 00:20:41,770
putting Stanford racing
team's Volkswagen Touareg

372
00:20:41,970 --> 00:20:45,690
into the leader position and effectively
ending the Highlander's bid for glory.

373
00:20:46,130 --> 00:20:49,290
As Stanley crosses the finish line,
the Stanford racing team

374
00:20:49,410 --> 00:20:51,170
has made its way into the history books.

375
00:20:52,210 --> 00:20:56,970
This was Sebastian Thrun's
moment of glory back in 2005.

376
00:20:57,290 --> 00:21:00,170
Most of his competitors were a sorry sight.

377
00:21:00,290 --> 00:21:03,890
History has already been made
as Highlander crosses the 8-mile mark,

378
00:21:04,090 --> 00:21:07,610
further than any vehicle traveled
in the inaugural Grand Challenge.

379
00:21:08,730 --> 00:21:10,890
20 more teams followed
the big three out of the gate,

380
00:21:11,530 --> 00:21:15,250
all hoping to complete the
132-mile course in a winning time.

381
00:21:15,810 --> 00:21:19,730
Team Dad, with its rotating cluster
of sensors, sped off the line,

382
00:21:19,890 --> 00:21:22,570
making up ground and passing
team Axion in the process.

383
00:21:23,090 --> 00:21:25,610
Team ENSCO's buggy style robot, Dexter,

384
00:21:25,810 --> 00:21:29,970
also left the line with a full head of steam,
fiercely attacking the desert terrain.

385
00:21:30,370 --> 00:21:33,810
Kat-5, the Ford Escape hybrid
from Louisiana's Gray team,

386
00:21:33,970 --> 00:21:35,730
eased its way past the crowd,

387
00:21:35,930 --> 00:21:38,770
and TerraMax, the 16-ton cargo hauler,

388
00:21:38,970 --> 00:21:41,330
left the gate determined
to finish the course.

389
00:21:41,690 --> 00:21:44,690
Autonomous cars are developing rapidly.

390
00:21:44,890 --> 00:21:48,090
Today you don't see big radar installations

391
00:21:48,290 --> 00:21:50,250
or tons of equipment.

392
00:21:50,850 --> 00:21:53,410
So the primary objective
when we built this car

393
00:21:53,570 --> 00:21:56,290
was to basically make it look very normal

394
00:21:56,450 --> 00:21:58,570
on the outside and the inside.

395
00:21:59,130 --> 00:22:01,890
The vehicle can send information
about what it is seeing

396
00:22:02,050 --> 00:22:03,090
to the internet.

397
00:22:03,290 --> 00:22:05,690
This can be useful to
other vehicles on the road.

398
00:22:05,890 --> 00:22:09,490
It can also download information
about what is happening on the roads

399
00:22:09,730 --> 00:22:12,810
before it reaches an accident area
or a traffic jam, for example.

400
00:22:13,050 --> 00:22:15,810
So the internet will be decisive very soon?

401
00:22:15,970 --> 00:22:18,730
The internet will play
a very important role in this, yes.

402
00:22:18,930 --> 00:22:21,450
Can you open it?
It must be packed with electronics.

403
00:22:21,650 --> 00:22:22,570
- Show us.
- Yes.

404
00:22:22,770 --> 00:22:24,970
So just like we humans have
brains to basically process

405
00:22:25,130 --> 00:22:27,290
the incoming signals,
we need to have computers,

406
00:22:27,450 --> 00:22:32,570
basically, which process all the signals from
the lidars and the radars and the cameras.

407
00:22:34,810 --> 00:22:36,130
I can't see anything.

408
00:22:36,290 --> 00:22:38,170
It turns out there really is nothing to see.

409
00:22:38,370 --> 00:22:41,330
It's a completely useable empty trunk space,

410
00:22:41,530 --> 00:22:43,330
but hidden behind...

411
00:22:43,890 --> 00:22:46,930
under the... trunk,

412
00:22:47,170 --> 00:22:48,610
is a set of computers.

413
00:22:49,170 --> 00:22:51,490
There are four computers,

414
00:22:51,650 --> 00:22:54,810
each with four so called processing cores

415
00:22:55,010 --> 00:22:59,570
which is really equivalent to
16-piece personal computing machines

416
00:22:59,970 --> 00:23:02,770
which basically crunch all the data
coming in from the sensors.

417
00:23:03,410 --> 00:23:08,050
These dots that you see are basically
reflections from laser beams

418
00:23:08,250 --> 00:23:10,690
from the laser lidar sensors on the car.

419
00:23:10,850 --> 00:23:12,970
They emit light beams, hit obstacles,

420
00:23:13,130 --> 00:23:16,170
and they come back as reflections
and they show up as dots.

421
00:23:16,610 --> 00:23:18,650
It really sees a virtual world.

422
00:23:18,850 --> 00:23:20,930
It literally sees a virtual world.

423
00:23:21,090 --> 00:23:25,490
The big question basically is that
does it understand the ethics of a human?

424
00:23:25,890 --> 00:23:28,530
Does it understand the
values of human society?

425
00:23:28,730 --> 00:23:31,530
For example, our vehicle,
what it would like to do

426
00:23:31,730 --> 00:23:34,610
basically is not hit anybody
as the highest priority.

427
00:23:35,330 --> 00:23:37,210
And then if it has to hit something

428
00:23:37,410 --> 00:23:39,690
it would prefer to rather hit
some thing than somebody,

429
00:23:39,930 --> 00:23:43,650
but what it really wants to do is basically
not hit anything at all or anybody at all.

430
00:23:44,050 --> 00:23:48,130
But who is going to be liable
in case of an accident?

431
00:23:48,610 --> 00:23:51,450
The on-board computer? Its designer?

432
00:23:51,610 --> 00:23:53,890
The GPS system? The internet?

433
00:23:54,050 --> 00:23:56,450
Or the driver who eats his breakfast?

434
00:23:58,530 --> 00:24:01,090
When a car makes a mistake
and learns from it,

435
00:24:01,490 --> 00:24:05,090
that experience is instantaneously
shared with all the other cars,

436
00:24:05,250 --> 00:24:06,930
so all the other cars learn from it as well.

437
00:24:07,330 --> 00:24:08,930
It's actually something
that people can't do very well.

438
00:24:09,090 --> 00:24:11,210
So, if I make a mistake,
which I've made many in driving,

439
00:24:11,490 --> 00:24:13,770
then I can commiserate and I can improve,

440
00:24:14,170 --> 00:24:16,530
but nobody else learns from it.

441
00:24:17,010 --> 00:24:19,370
When a self-driving car makes a mistake

442
00:24:19,970 --> 00:24:24,250
automatically all the other cars know
about it, including all future unborn cars,

443
00:24:24,450 --> 00:24:25,890
will never make that same mistake again.

444
00:24:26,050 --> 00:24:28,890
Which means the ability for cars to develop

445
00:24:29,090 --> 00:24:31,250
an artificial intelligence is so much greater

446
00:24:31,730 --> 00:24:34,010
than the ability of people
to keep up with them.

447
00:24:36,050 --> 00:24:37,570
Let me show you one of our robots.

448
00:24:38,170 --> 00:24:40,970
This robot essentially has four wheels

449
00:24:41,170 --> 00:24:44,610
and each of these wheels
have these tiny rollers on them

450
00:24:44,770 --> 00:24:46,570
and what this allows this robot to do

451
00:24:46,770 --> 00:24:50,290
is essentially it allows it to drive sideways
as well as forwards, as well as turn,

452
00:24:50,490 --> 00:24:53,170
without having to do anything
like parallel parking maneuvers.

453
00:24:53,370 --> 00:24:56,090
So that makes these robots
extremely versatile in their motion.

454
00:24:56,530 --> 00:24:59,770
To kick the ball, what these
robots have is a main kicker,

455
00:24:59,970 --> 00:25:02,890
which slides the length of the robot
and kicks the ball forward.

456
00:25:03,090 --> 00:25:04,410
We also have a chip kicker,

457
00:25:04,610 --> 00:25:06,050
which can kick the ball upward

458
00:25:06,210 --> 00:25:08,370
and that makes the ball go up into the air.

459
00:25:09,730 --> 00:25:12,010
These robots are autonomous.

460
00:25:12,210 --> 00:25:15,010
Nobody steers them with a joystick.

461
00:25:20,410 --> 00:25:21,650
Once a defender is in place,

462
00:25:22,170 --> 00:25:24,730
it'll be a bit more challenging
for this robot to score.

463
00:25:34,810 --> 00:25:37,250
RoboCup this year we have
not let in a single goal,

464
00:25:37,410 --> 00:25:40,690
although we scored 48 goals
in total against our opponents.

465
00:25:40,890 --> 00:25:42,050
So you are world champion?

466
00:25:42,210 --> 00:25:43,170
We are.

467
00:25:43,650 --> 00:25:44,810
We came first this year

468
00:25:45,010 --> 00:25:47,370
in the RoboCup international competition.

469
00:25:48,290 --> 00:25:50,410
The blue robots need to
have an indirect free kick

470
00:25:50,610 --> 00:25:53,330
so they're figuring out how they
should pass between themselves.

471
00:25:54,370 --> 00:25:57,170
Could this team eventually

472
00:25:57,330 --> 00:25:59,410
beat the real Brazilian football team?

473
00:26:00,130 --> 00:26:01,570
That is the goal of RoboCup.

474
00:26:01,730 --> 00:26:06,330
That is, by 2050 to have a team
of soccer playing robots

475
00:26:06,690 --> 00:26:08,930
which can defeat the FIFA world champions.

476
00:26:09,090 --> 00:26:11,090
And we'll see it happen.

477
00:26:11,330 --> 00:26:15,010
I'm very hopeful that we'll
actually get a team of robots

478
00:26:15,170 --> 00:26:18,730
which are competent enough
and smart and intelligent enough

479
00:26:18,930 --> 00:26:21,490
to actually beat the world champions in 2050.

480
00:26:21,690 --> 00:26:25,490
Better than Messi, Ronaldo and Neymar?

481
00:26:26,530 --> 00:26:28,770
It sounds difficult but we can get there.

482
00:26:29,490 --> 00:26:30,490
We can get there.

483
00:26:31,410 --> 00:26:34,050
We have a certain reverence for robot 8.

484
00:26:34,210 --> 00:26:36,850
I mean, to us, saying robot 8 is equivalent

485
00:26:37,050 --> 00:26:39,530
to someone saying Messi
or Ronaldo or something...

486
00:26:39,730 --> 00:26:40,770
it's the same.

487
00:26:51,090 --> 00:26:52,450
This here is robot 8.

488
00:26:52,610 --> 00:26:54,530
It's very identifiable because

489
00:26:54,690 --> 00:26:58,610
its pattern includes four
green dots on top and it's...

490
00:26:59,570 --> 00:27:01,330
one of our favorites, actually.

491
00:27:01,730 --> 00:27:02,770
Beautiful.

492
00:27:03,490 --> 00:27:05,770
- Do you love it?
- Yes, we do.

493
00:27:06,650 --> 00:27:08,210
We do love robot 8.

494
00:27:21,410 --> 00:27:23,050
The day Nikki passed away

495
00:27:23,330 --> 00:27:25,930
we were scheduled to see a psychiatrist.

496
00:27:26,130 --> 00:27:27,890
She'd had some...

497
00:27:28,770 --> 00:27:32,730
psychotic issues where she had
a brain tumor when she was very young

498
00:27:32,930 --> 00:27:35,210
and it was time to do some research on her.

499
00:27:35,890 --> 00:27:38,210
I think she was feeling nervous

500
00:27:38,370 --> 00:27:40,850
that if she were to go to this appointment

501
00:27:41,010 --> 00:27:44,930
she might get stuck in the hospital
because that had happened before.

502
00:27:45,410 --> 00:27:47,610
And at some point

503
00:27:47,810 --> 00:27:50,050
a couple hours before her appointment,

504
00:27:50,530 --> 00:27:52,970
she left the house.

505
00:27:53,170 --> 00:27:57,610
She took Christos' Porsche and drove away.

506
00:27:57,890 --> 00:27:59,970
I saw all the police

507
00:28:00,450 --> 00:28:04,250
and I started to walk down
the on-ramp and they stopped me

508
00:28:04,730 --> 00:28:06,690
and they said I wasn't allowed down there.

509
00:28:07,330 --> 00:28:09,690
And I asked if it was my daughter in the car,

510
00:28:09,890 --> 00:28:12,850
what car it was, and they
wouldn't give me any information.

511
00:28:13,370 --> 00:28:16,050
And then a crane lifted up the car

512
00:28:16,570 --> 00:28:19,610
and once it lifted up the car,
I realized it was the Porsche.

513
00:28:21,090 --> 00:28:22,650
Adding to the tragedy,

514
00:28:22,850 --> 00:28:25,010
the first responder took photos

515
00:28:25,210 --> 00:28:28,170
of the nearly decapitated head of the girl

516
00:28:28,410 --> 00:28:30,210
and emailed it to some friends.

517
00:28:30,450 --> 00:28:33,890
Almost instantly the pictures
were out on the internet,

518
00:28:34,050 --> 00:28:35,770
and hundreds of thousands,

519
00:28:35,970 --> 00:28:38,490
possibly millions, clicked on them.

520
00:28:39,570 --> 00:28:43,970
Hoping to avoid a new wave of sick curiosity,

521
00:28:44,290 --> 00:28:47,570
we are here not even showing
a picture of Nikki alive,

522
00:28:47,730 --> 00:28:50,370
only a place in the house she liked.

523
00:28:51,970 --> 00:28:55,690
Up until I saw the pictures on the internet

524
00:28:56,210 --> 00:28:57,850
I had an image of Nikki...

525
00:28:59,410 --> 00:29:00,530
as a perfect...

526
00:29:01,970 --> 00:29:03,370
as a perfect face, perfect, uh...

527
00:29:05,570 --> 00:29:06,650
condition.

528
00:29:07,010 --> 00:29:09,570
The coroner told us,
the only thing the coroner told us

529
00:29:09,770 --> 00:29:14,530
is that a portion of her thumb
had been severed in the accident

530
00:29:15,130 --> 00:29:18,290
and that she had head trauma,
but they never gave us any detail.

531
00:29:18,890 --> 00:29:21,490
So I always focused on the thumb.

532
00:29:22,050 --> 00:29:25,450
I received emails with the pictures attached

533
00:29:27,490 --> 00:29:31,090
and it was a short time after the accident.

534
00:29:32,570 --> 00:29:33,610
Um...

535
00:29:35,130 --> 00:29:37,770
It was disguised. I didn't know
who the email came from,

536
00:29:38,690 --> 00:29:39,930
and I opened it up.

537
00:29:42,130 --> 00:29:45,890
And the bad ones were very, um... hateful,

538
00:29:46,330 --> 00:29:51,370
very hateful... towards me,
towards Nikki, towards our family.

539
00:29:52,090 --> 00:29:56,090
It said "Dead girl walking.
Woo hoo, daddy, I'm still alive".

540
00:29:56,930 --> 00:29:58,770
- Woo hoo?
- Woo hoo.

541
00:30:01,530 --> 00:30:04,610
Do you still feel the pain
when you received this?

542
00:30:04,770 --> 00:30:05,850
Yes.

543
00:30:06,210 --> 00:30:07,690
And it's never gonna leave you?

544
00:30:07,890 --> 00:30:08,930
Never.

545
00:30:12,450 --> 00:30:16,690
Some of the hate mail was
so unspeakably horrifying

546
00:30:16,930 --> 00:30:18,850
that we cannot repeat it here.

547
00:30:27,970 --> 00:30:30,170
We were told there was
nothing that could be done

548
00:30:30,690 --> 00:30:35,370
because... there's no law in place for...

549
00:30:36,570 --> 00:30:40,610
pictures of deceased people
because when they pass away,

550
00:30:40,770 --> 00:30:43,290
their privacy rights go with them.

551
00:30:44,410 --> 00:30:48,010
I didn't know such
depravity existed in humans,

552
00:30:48,450 --> 00:30:52,850
and I think dogs treat their kind
better than humans treat their kind.

553
00:30:53,490 --> 00:30:58,570
It's just... there is no dignity
or respect on the internet

554
00:30:58,770 --> 00:31:00,250
because we're not held accountable.

555
00:31:00,610 --> 00:31:02,650
Nobody's there to tell us not to.

556
00:31:04,210 --> 00:31:07,170
I have always believed that the internet

557
00:31:07,330 --> 00:31:10,130
is a manifestation of the antichrist,

558
00:31:10,650 --> 00:31:12,370
of evil itself.

559
00:31:13,370 --> 00:31:15,770
It is the spirit of evil.

560
00:31:22,610 --> 00:31:25,930
And I feel like it's running through...

561
00:31:27,770 --> 00:31:30,370
everybody on earth and it's...

562
00:31:30,810 --> 00:31:35,130
claiming its victories
in those people that are also evil.

563
00:31:57,930 --> 00:31:59,410
West Virginia,

564
00:31:59,610 --> 00:32:02,370
the small town of Green Bank in Appalachia.

565
00:32:04,410 --> 00:32:07,370
What you're seeing behind me
is a very large telescope,

566
00:32:07,570 --> 00:32:10,010
a hundred meters in diameter,

567
00:32:10,210 --> 00:32:13,530
but instead of picking up the light
as normal telescopes do,

568
00:32:13,690 --> 00:32:16,210
it picks up the radio waves that
are coming from the universe,

569
00:32:16,370 --> 00:32:19,050
from objects out there
as close as the planets

570
00:32:19,250 --> 00:32:21,450
but as far as actually the Big Bang.

571
00:32:22,210 --> 00:32:24,610
The telescope discovered the black hole

572
00:32:24,770 --> 00:32:27,730
in our own galaxy, the Milky Way.

573
00:32:28,370 --> 00:32:29,730
In the Visitor Center

574
00:32:29,970 --> 00:32:32,330
you can roll your coins into a funnel,

575
00:32:32,530 --> 00:32:34,690
which resembles a black hole.

576
00:32:35,890 --> 00:32:39,850
Your coins indeed disappear irretrievably.

577
00:32:47,010 --> 00:32:49,050
If there was a civilization like ours

578
00:32:49,250 --> 00:32:52,010
on a nearby planet, we could
almost certainly pick up

579
00:32:52,210 --> 00:32:54,330
some of their television stations perhaps,

580
00:32:54,530 --> 00:32:56,970
some of their radar... who knows what.

581
00:32:57,330 --> 00:33:00,930
This collecting area is several acres in size

582
00:33:01,090 --> 00:33:04,010
and it can pick up enormous signals

583
00:33:04,210 --> 00:33:07,130
from an enormous distance,
but they've traveled so far

584
00:33:07,330 --> 00:33:08,970
that they are so faint that

585
00:33:09,170 --> 00:33:11,290
typically they contain a lot less energy

586
00:33:11,570 --> 00:33:14,770
than the energy of a falling
snowflake settling on the ground.

587
00:33:15,010 --> 00:33:16,810
The enemy of radio astronomy

588
00:33:17,010 --> 00:33:20,250
is the natural radio signals
that we make on earth

589
00:33:20,450 --> 00:33:23,090
either deliberately or accidentally.

590
00:33:23,290 --> 00:33:28,010
Things like microwave
ovens can emit radiation

591
00:33:28,210 --> 00:33:31,330
which can blind us to the signals
that are coming from the stars.

592
00:33:31,490 --> 00:33:35,010
Cell phones are billions
of billions of times stronger

593
00:33:35,170 --> 00:33:37,090
than the faint signals we're looking for.

594
00:33:37,570 --> 00:33:40,010
Satellites, they beam straight down on us.

595
00:33:40,210 --> 00:33:42,770
- Music stations?
- Music stations, yes.

596
00:33:42,970 --> 00:33:45,250
- Playing Elvis?
- Playing Elvis.

597
00:33:46,450 --> 00:33:48,890
We've managed to keep
cell phone transmissions out.

598
00:33:49,250 --> 00:33:52,370
Your smart phones are dumb here;
they just do not work.

599
00:33:52,570 --> 00:33:55,170
We really try to keep wireless transmissions

600
00:33:55,330 --> 00:33:56,970
of any kind suppressed

601
00:33:57,170 --> 00:33:59,490
within about ten miles of the observatory.

602
00:33:59,850 --> 00:34:02,170
For a long time we had a fleet
of Checker diesels

603
00:34:02,330 --> 00:34:04,930
and these were the standard
New York City cabs

604
00:34:05,090 --> 00:34:07,010
and they were precious to us

605
00:34:07,170 --> 00:34:09,770
because they were the perfect
vehicle for radio astronomers.

606
00:34:09,970 --> 00:34:12,170
These do not have spark plugs,
they don't make noise.

607
00:34:17,250 --> 00:34:21,650
In the forest near the telescope
we met a modern day hermit.

608
00:34:22,170 --> 00:34:26,010
So, see, I've finally gone high tech.
I've got a faucet installed.

609
00:34:29,090 --> 00:34:30,810
It really makes a difference, I have to say.

610
00:34:31,250 --> 00:34:34,850
I became very ill
from radiation sickness in 1996

611
00:34:35,490 --> 00:34:37,770
and I lost 50 pounds.

612
00:34:37,970 --> 00:34:39,970
I nearly died three times

613
00:34:40,610 --> 00:34:46,290
and I became reactive
to all the wireless radiation signals

614
00:34:46,490 --> 00:34:48,570
when all the cell phones went up.

615
00:34:48,930 --> 00:34:51,250
They went up in massive numbers in 1996

616
00:34:51,650 --> 00:34:53,890
and I tried to do all kind of treatment,

617
00:34:54,050 --> 00:34:56,170
I moved, I'd lost my career.

618
00:34:56,370 --> 00:34:58,490
I was working as an architect in Honolulu.

619
00:34:59,010 --> 00:35:01,170
I had to be separated
from my family and children

620
00:35:01,410 --> 00:35:05,010
and finally I heard about this in 2011

621
00:35:05,530 --> 00:35:08,810
and... as soon as I heard there was
a place with no cell towers,

622
00:35:08,970 --> 00:35:10,370
I was here in 48 hours.

623
00:35:10,930 --> 00:35:15,130
Sometimes if I have really bad
reactions to radiation,

624
00:35:15,610 --> 00:35:17,210
I actually will sleep on the ground.

625
00:35:17,410 --> 00:35:18,530
I feel better on the ground.

626
00:35:18,690 --> 00:35:22,930
And there may be a science to this.
They say the ground emits 7.83 hertz

627
00:35:23,130 --> 00:35:26,370
and it's the natural rhythm
for animals and humans.

628
00:35:26,530 --> 00:35:29,810
I also sleep in my car,
which I instinctively did in the beginning

629
00:35:30,010 --> 00:35:32,650
and I later learned that it acts
like a partial Faraday Cage.

630
00:35:32,930 --> 00:35:34,970
The metal keeps out the radiation.

631
00:35:35,490 --> 00:35:37,530
This place in Green Bank is wonderful.

632
00:35:37,690 --> 00:35:39,850
It's not perfect but I can go outside.

633
00:35:40,050 --> 00:35:42,010
I can see the trees, I can see the sky,

634
00:35:42,210 --> 00:35:43,410
I can see the stars.

635
00:35:43,570 --> 00:35:44,850
When I lived in the Faraday Cage,

636
00:35:45,010 --> 00:35:49,090
I had to live in a box and I only left the
box when I wanted to go to the bathroom

637
00:35:49,250 --> 00:35:52,490
or to use the shower, otherwise
I stayed in that box day and night.

638
00:35:52,690 --> 00:35:55,010
- In a cage?
- In a Faraday Cage.

639
00:35:55,170 --> 00:35:56,130
How long?

640
00:35:56,770 --> 00:35:58,310
A couple years.

641
00:35:58,610 --> 00:35:59,610
Several years.

642
00:36:00,570 --> 00:36:04,090
I had a mattress and I didn't
have a place to stand up.

643
00:36:04,250 --> 00:36:06,610
I had to stay on the bed the entire time.

644
00:36:06,770 --> 00:36:08,730
My husband went grocery shopping,

645
00:36:08,930 --> 00:36:11,850
he cooked the food, he would
bring and serve me the food.

646
00:36:12,050 --> 00:36:15,730
We'd open the door, he'd hand me the plate
and I'd eat inside the Faraday Cage.

647
00:36:16,450 --> 00:36:19,010
I've heard it also called as a super sense,

648
00:36:19,490 --> 00:36:21,730
that we just have this ability to,

649
00:36:21,890 --> 00:36:24,170
for whatever reason, feel these frequencies.

650
00:36:24,370 --> 00:36:26,410
It's a very legitimate illness.

651
00:36:26,610 --> 00:36:29,410
But at this point I don't consider it a gift.

652
00:36:29,570 --> 00:36:31,850
I would give anything to give it back.

653
00:36:33,410 --> 00:36:35,170
You're the refugee now?

654
00:36:38,210 --> 00:36:42,130
I... Yes, I don't know what to call myself.

655
00:36:43,330 --> 00:36:44,730
This is brand new

656
00:36:45,690 --> 00:36:49,130
and I just want people
to know that this type of illness

657
00:36:49,490 --> 00:36:51,930
and doctors... I really want them to hear

658
00:36:52,130 --> 00:36:53,930
that this is a legitimate illness.

659
00:36:55,490 --> 00:36:59,090
Um, and it affects our lives
tremendously, you have no idea.

660
00:36:59,290 --> 00:37:01,570
When you go home today after this interview,

661
00:37:01,730 --> 00:37:04,010
you have the luxury of going home

662
00:37:04,210 --> 00:37:06,090
to your familiar surroundings.

663
00:37:06,850 --> 00:37:09,970
You have that luxury to
go back to your families.

664
00:37:10,650 --> 00:37:14,330
I haven't had that in four and a half years.

665
00:37:15,330 --> 00:37:17,970
I haven't had any stability.

666
00:37:19,010 --> 00:37:21,330
And I just have to impress upon you

667
00:37:21,530 --> 00:37:24,490
how serious this is for those
of us that are suffering.

668
00:37:25,410 --> 00:37:27,210
And I'm extremely grateful

669
00:37:27,650 --> 00:37:31,530
that there is a location here
where I am no longer in pain.

670
00:37:32,290 --> 00:37:35,650
Or whatever type of irreparable harm may be

671
00:37:35,810 --> 00:37:37,290
being done to my body

672
00:37:37,810 --> 00:37:41,370
will be either suspended
or temporarily arrested.

673
00:37:55,490 --> 00:37:59,130
There's a lot more community
interaction in a place like this.

674
00:37:59,290 --> 00:38:02,170
I think because of the absence
of cellular technology

675
00:38:02,370 --> 00:38:06,170
and also because of the isolation
of a rural community

676
00:38:06,370 --> 00:38:08,010
in such a beautiful place like this.

677
00:38:08,250 --> 00:38:11,250
And, yes, I do play the fiddle
and the banjo at night.

678
00:38:37,890 --> 00:38:40,930
# My old lady gets mad at me
She gets hotter than ginger tea #

679
00:38:41,090 --> 00:38:44,890
# She is good and she is bad
She can be the devil when she gets mad #

680
00:38:45,050 --> 00:38:48,130
# Goin' up t' Cripple Creek, goin' on a run #
Goin' up t' Cripple Creek, have a little fun #

681
00:38:48,370 --> 00:38:51,930
# Raise my britches high to my knees
Wade in ol' Cripple Creek when I please #

682
00:39:07,570 --> 00:39:10,530
The state of Washington across the continent,

683
00:39:10,690 --> 00:39:13,890
in an idyllic forest not far from Seattle,

684
00:39:14,050 --> 00:39:16,610
a rehab center for internet addiction

685
00:39:16,770 --> 00:39:19,410
named Restart was established.

686
00:39:22,970 --> 00:39:27,810
Well, there are so many
of these severe cases.

687
00:39:27,970 --> 00:39:30,810
For instance in South Korea
there was the case of a couple

688
00:39:30,970 --> 00:39:32,330
that had a young baby

689
00:39:32,530 --> 00:39:35,410
and they were very much addicted to a game

690
00:39:35,610 --> 00:39:38,690
that they went to play while
neglecting their child at home.

691
00:39:38,850 --> 00:39:41,410
And this baby eventually starved to death

692
00:39:41,570 --> 00:39:43,530
and they went to jail for this,

693
00:39:43,730 --> 00:39:46,370
but it is because they were hooked on a game

694
00:39:46,530 --> 00:39:48,050
and ironically it was a game in which

695
00:39:48,250 --> 00:39:52,530
they were taking care of
and nurturing in the game

696
00:39:52,770 --> 00:39:53,730
a young girl,

697
00:39:54,050 --> 00:39:55,890
but as they were doing that

698
00:39:56,090 --> 00:39:58,370
their own child was starving to death.

699
00:40:00,090 --> 00:40:03,490
Shortly after we opened Restart,
we got a call from a stepmom.

700
00:40:03,650 --> 00:40:06,290
Her stepson was living with his grandmother

701
00:40:06,490 --> 00:40:08,770
and had just had his leg amputated

702
00:40:08,930 --> 00:40:11,890
because he'd developed
a thrombosis in his leg

703
00:40:12,090 --> 00:40:13,570
from lack of movement.

704
00:40:14,290 --> 00:40:18,370
So we know of cases, many cases happening

705
00:40:18,530 --> 00:40:21,610
in Korea and China, people who are dying

706
00:40:21,810 --> 00:40:23,930
at the computer because they are playing for

707
00:40:24,130 --> 00:40:26,610
40, 50, 60 hours at a time

708
00:40:26,810 --> 00:40:31,010
and completely neglecting
their body's physical needs.

709
00:40:32,250 --> 00:40:33,890
It is not uncommon

710
00:40:34,050 --> 00:40:38,490
that in South Korea teenage
video gamers put on diapers.

711
00:40:38,930 --> 00:40:43,170
This way they avoid losing
points by going to the bathroom.

712
00:40:54,210 --> 00:40:57,090
Tom, you do not need
any further introduction.

713
00:40:57,250 --> 00:40:58,410
This was great.

714
00:41:02,170 --> 00:41:06,210
My lowest point came at the beginning
of this year.

715
00:41:06,970 --> 00:41:09,250
New Year's Eve I had lost a job,

716
00:41:09,570 --> 00:41:12,610
I was losing my girlfriend, my family,

717
00:41:13,050 --> 00:41:16,770
my relations were very strained
and I tried to drink myself to death.

718
00:41:17,250 --> 00:41:18,330
Suicide?

719
00:41:19,170 --> 00:41:22,330
I was playing video games
16 hours a day, often drunk.

720
00:41:22,690 --> 00:41:24,490
I watched porn a lot

721
00:41:25,530 --> 00:41:27,570
and I just had given up.

722
00:41:27,770 --> 00:41:30,370
I had no future, I had no will to live.

723
00:41:30,770 --> 00:41:32,850
I was just waiting for the timer to run out.

724
00:41:34,810 --> 00:41:38,410
I was in my spring quarter in college

725
00:41:39,010 --> 00:41:43,370
and I was doing nothing except
sleeping about six hours a day

726
00:41:43,570 --> 00:41:47,170
and playing video games and absolutely
not attending any of my classes,

727
00:41:47,330 --> 00:41:48,730
not doing any of my work

728
00:41:48,930 --> 00:41:50,930
and lying to my parents about my progress.

729
00:41:51,450 --> 00:41:53,770
So it was a lot of lying, manipulation,

730
00:41:53,970 --> 00:41:55,570
isolation especially,

731
00:41:55,770 --> 00:42:00,250
which are all common things for addicts
but mine were pretty much sleep

732
00:42:00,450 --> 00:42:03,850
and you know, interact with my addiction.

733
00:42:04,410 --> 00:42:08,330
Did you adopt certain characters
that became almost like you?

734
00:42:11,650 --> 00:42:14,770
I'm not sure I'm comfortable
with that 'cause I'm still in the phase

735
00:42:14,970 --> 00:42:17,970
where thinking too deeply
about my own intricacies

736
00:42:18,170 --> 00:42:21,610
could set me off,
could really start that cravings

737
00:42:21,770 --> 00:42:24,650
and start those withdrawal symptoms again.

738
00:42:26,370 --> 00:42:30,450
I wanted very much to discuss
fictional characters with Chloe,

739
00:42:30,810 --> 00:42:33,530
like the malevolent Druid Dwarf

740
00:42:33,730 --> 00:42:37,130
or whoever these figures are,
but I had to desist.

741
00:42:47,290 --> 00:42:51,450
The real danger to gaming is when...

742
00:42:52,890 --> 00:42:55,130
you... or when I stopped

743
00:42:56,690 --> 00:42:59,010
being present in the real world

744
00:43:00,690 --> 00:43:03,010
more often than I was in the game world.

745
00:43:05,010 --> 00:43:05,970
If...

746
00:43:06,650 --> 00:43:09,330
If you get to the point where...

747
00:43:10,970 --> 00:43:14,050
you're thinking about the game more
than you're thinking about real life...

748
00:43:14,210 --> 00:43:15,930
what you're gonna do for food,

749
00:43:16,130 --> 00:43:18,450
what you're gonna do the next day or two,

750
00:43:19,170 --> 00:43:22,970
you're not thinking about
a relationship or a job or a career.

751
00:43:23,610 --> 00:43:25,090
If you're thinking about the game...

752
00:43:26,050 --> 00:43:27,370
it's a problem...

753
00:43:28,250 --> 00:43:31,290
because eventually it'll get
in the way of everything real.

754
00:43:48,290 --> 00:43:50,570
Our sun, the giver of life.

755
00:43:53,890 --> 00:43:57,610
At the same time it is hostile, destructive.

756
00:43:58,090 --> 00:44:01,370
Protuberances unimaginable in size

757
00:44:01,570 --> 00:44:04,050
are being hurled into the universe.

758
00:44:04,570 --> 00:44:08,730
These flares may become the
undoing of modern civilization.

759
00:44:10,210 --> 00:44:14,050
The best known historical example
of a very large solar flare

760
00:44:14,250 --> 00:44:18,530
is an event called the Carrington
event which happened in 1859.

761
00:44:18,930 --> 00:44:20,970
This was observed
by an astronomer named Carrington

762
00:44:21,130 --> 00:44:23,490
who saw a patch of the sun

763
00:44:23,650 --> 00:44:25,850
as he was monitoring sun
spots, grow brighter.

764
00:44:29,570 --> 00:44:32,770
In those days, the predominant
form of technology

765
00:44:32,930 --> 00:44:35,690
was a telegraph, that was
our main form of communication,

766
00:44:36,130 --> 00:44:39,050
and this very, very large flare
that happened,

767
00:44:39,210 --> 00:44:40,690
that created a brightness change

768
00:44:40,890 --> 00:44:43,450
so great that Carrington
could actually see it with his eye,

769
00:44:43,650 --> 00:44:45,010
which is very uncommon,

770
00:44:45,210 --> 00:44:47,770
actually induced currents in telegraph wires

771
00:44:47,970 --> 00:44:51,210
that created fires in the paper
of the telegraph machines.

772
00:44:51,610 --> 00:44:53,330
There's even reports from that time

773
00:44:53,490 --> 00:44:56,930
of Aurora being seen as far south
as the equator,

774
00:44:57,250 --> 00:45:00,970
and there being Auroras so bright
at the Northern latitudes

775
00:45:01,170 --> 00:45:02,930
that it was possible to
read by them at night.

776
00:45:05,090 --> 00:45:07,610
We've been fortunate that nothing
as large as the Carrington Event

777
00:45:07,770 --> 00:45:10,850
has happened in these times
of modern technology

778
00:45:11,090 --> 00:45:13,770
but even the smaller solar flare events

779
00:45:13,970 --> 00:45:16,570
that we do see do disrupt our communications

780
00:45:16,770 --> 00:45:19,610
and create outages in our power grid

781
00:45:19,810 --> 00:45:21,610
and disruptions for our satellites.

782
00:45:27,730 --> 00:45:29,490
What the fuck?

783
00:45:32,290 --> 00:45:33,610
New York City.

784
00:45:33,730 --> 00:45:36,090
What Hurricane Sandy caused here

785
00:45:36,290 --> 00:45:39,410
could happen on a worldwide
scale and much worse.

786
00:45:39,810 --> 00:45:42,250
No electricity, no internet,

787
00:45:42,450 --> 00:45:45,090
no drinking water, no flushing of toilets,

788
00:45:45,250 --> 00:45:47,130
no gas and no shopping.

789
00:45:48,290 --> 00:45:51,450
All you could see was the outline
of the hospital against a darkened sky.

790
00:45:51,610 --> 00:45:53,810
A lone flashlight up in one
of the hospital rooms there

791
00:45:54,010 --> 00:45:56,490
as doctors and nurses rushed
from patient to patient.

792
00:45:56,930 --> 00:45:58,210
Out front, ambulances.

793
00:45:58,370 --> 00:46:00,850
These images from my iPhone
as we approach the hospital,

794
00:46:01,050 --> 00:46:03,050
just one of the nearly 300 patients who were

795
00:46:03,250 --> 00:46:05,450
one by one brought out and taken to safety.

796
00:46:05,890 --> 00:46:09,770
What we got going on here is a complete
blackout in New York City, and um...

797
00:46:10,370 --> 00:46:12,170
I'm on the third floor of Clear Channel

798
00:46:12,570 --> 00:46:16,450
where Z100, KTU, Lite FM, Q,

799
00:46:16,610 --> 00:46:18,450
we're all located on the third floor.

800
00:46:18,650 --> 00:46:21,050
Every station is off the
air in New York City.

801
00:46:22,010 --> 00:46:26,690
I don't think it's ever happened in the
history of broadcasting in New York.

802
00:46:27,090 --> 00:46:28,810
It's like a Will Smith movie, man.

803
00:46:29,490 --> 00:46:31,130
It's very weird. Very weird.

804
00:46:31,330 --> 00:46:34,730
And I feel kind of helpless because
I'm glad I'm here and I'm safe,

805
00:46:34,970 --> 00:46:37,930
but there's a lot of crap going on at home.

806
00:46:38,130 --> 00:46:39,690
My neighbors tell me it's a big mess.

807
00:46:39,890 --> 00:46:42,450
So I'm nervous about what I'm
gonna head home to tomorrow.

808
00:46:43,650 --> 00:46:44,650
Wassup?

809
00:46:44,850 --> 00:46:46,890
This is a control room.

810
00:46:51,650 --> 00:46:53,210
Meet Lawrence Krauss.

811
00:46:53,570 --> 00:46:55,010
As a cosmologist

812
00:46:55,250 --> 00:46:58,330
he is studying the origins of our universe.

813
00:46:58,530 --> 00:47:02,450
Much of his attention
has been focused on our planet.

814
00:47:03,170 --> 00:47:04,490
If there's a solar flare...

815
00:47:05,290 --> 00:47:10,250
if you destroyed the information
fabric of the world right now,

816
00:47:10,410 --> 00:47:11,930
modern civilization would collapse.

817
00:47:13,250 --> 00:47:14,770
Hundreds of millions of people will die.

818
00:47:14,970 --> 00:47:16,610
Billions of people will die.

819
00:47:17,650 --> 00:47:18,890
The world will become,

820
00:47:19,090 --> 00:47:21,850
for people like you and me,

821
00:47:22,050 --> 00:47:25,410
unimaginably ugly, difficult, and...

822
00:47:26,570 --> 00:47:29,050
there's great likelihood
that I couldn't survive.

823
00:47:30,690 --> 00:47:32,290
If the internet shuts down,

824
00:47:33,090 --> 00:47:36,330
people will not remember how
they used to live before that.

825
00:47:42,050 --> 00:47:45,410
I start to think of Maslow's
hierarchy of needs.

826
00:47:45,570 --> 00:47:48,250
I mean, let's get back
to the base of the pyramid

827
00:47:48,450 --> 00:47:50,330
and think about food and shelter.

828
00:47:51,090 --> 00:47:53,930
You have food networks
that are hugely dependent

829
00:47:54,090 --> 00:47:57,450
on being able to route digitally
what the needs are and where

830
00:47:57,730 --> 00:48:00,970
and, through efficiencies created
when the network is working well,

831
00:48:01,170 --> 00:48:04,570
you don't have warehouses near people
stocked to the brim with food.

832
00:48:04,770 --> 00:48:07,850
If you disrupt those networks I imagine,

833
00:48:08,050 --> 00:48:09,130
what do they say?

834
00:48:09,330 --> 00:48:13,490
"Civilization is always about four
square meals away from utter ruin"?

835
00:48:13,690 --> 00:48:14,810
That's something

836
00:48:15,450 --> 00:48:17,770
that it wouldn't be bad to prepare for.

837
00:48:18,810 --> 00:48:21,690
As we've thought about an internet of things

838
00:48:21,890 --> 00:48:23,570
where often for purely,

839
00:48:23,770 --> 00:48:26,250
looked at at this moment,
unnecessary reasons,

840
00:48:26,490 --> 00:48:29,850
we not only attach daily
objects to the internet

841
00:48:30,010 --> 00:48:32,770
but make them reliant on
that internet connection

842
00:48:32,930 --> 00:48:34,530
in order to function properly.

843
00:48:34,690 --> 00:48:36,690
So the idea that our standard appliances

844
00:48:36,890 --> 00:48:39,530
couldn't work without connectivity,

845
00:48:40,570 --> 00:48:42,730
that we wouldn't be able to get...

846
00:48:43,930 --> 00:48:48,530
to a restaurant that in turn would be able
to get to food and to organize staff...

847
00:48:49,090 --> 00:48:52,130
I suspect, however,
that some individuals will survive.

848
00:48:52,290 --> 00:48:56,090
Let us remember that we
come from a background where

849
00:48:56,250 --> 00:48:57,330
at one point

850
00:48:58,330 --> 00:49:00,970
there were less than a thousand
individuals alive,

851
00:49:01,330 --> 00:49:04,690
probably down in the southern part of Africa,

852
00:49:05,050 --> 00:49:07,570
and we were a hair's breadth away

853
00:49:07,770 --> 00:49:09,570
from disappearing as a species.

854
00:49:10,650 --> 00:49:13,650
We have no control over
what the sun chooses to do.

855
00:49:13,810 --> 00:49:17,890
We do know that there is a solar cycle,
so there are times of high activity

856
00:49:18,050 --> 00:49:20,130
when there are many flares and
there are times of low activity

857
00:49:20,290 --> 00:49:21,530
when there are relatively few.

858
00:49:22,010 --> 00:49:27,490
Events like the Carrington Event appear to
be fairly uncommon but not non-existent,

859
00:49:27,650 --> 00:49:29,330
they're not single isolated events.

860
00:49:29,490 --> 00:49:30,850
We do see that flares are repeatable,

861
00:49:31,010 --> 00:49:34,770
it's just that the large ones are
less common than the small ones.

862
00:49:35,410 --> 00:49:37,650
So by observing other stars actually

863
00:49:37,850 --> 00:49:40,690
we can get some idea
of how frequently these things happen

864
00:49:40,850 --> 00:49:43,490
and it seems to be
every few hundred years or so.

865
00:49:43,890 --> 00:49:47,410
So it's really a matter of time
before we have a large solar flare.

866
00:49:47,650 --> 00:49:49,410
- Um, not a matter of...
- ...it's when.

867
00:49:49,570 --> 00:49:52,410
Yes, not a matter "if"
we'll have a large solar flare.

868
00:49:53,410 --> 00:49:55,130
Will we disappear as a species?

869
00:49:55,330 --> 00:50:00,330
Again, Werner, I can't tell you
because I don't make predictions.

870
00:50:00,530 --> 00:50:01,610
It would be...

871
00:50:02,210 --> 00:50:03,570
unimaginably bad

872
00:50:03,770 --> 00:50:06,010
and I prefer to not think about it right now.

873
00:50:19,250 --> 00:50:20,970
Las Vegas, Nevada.

874
00:50:21,170 --> 00:50:25,290
One of the casinos is
preparing to host DefCon,

875
00:50:25,490 --> 00:50:28,450
the annual convention
of the hacker community.

876
00:50:29,010 --> 00:50:33,530
In less than two decades it has grown
to 20,000 participants.

877
00:50:33,890 --> 00:50:36,730
At least a thousand of them will be FBI,

878
00:50:36,930 --> 00:50:39,890
the CIA, Chinese secret service,

879
00:50:40,090 --> 00:50:42,050
and other interested parties.

880
00:50:42,530 --> 00:50:44,690
We are about to meet Kevin Mitnick,

881
00:50:44,890 --> 00:50:47,810
a demigod among the community of hackers.

882
00:50:48,530 --> 00:50:53,330
Just mentioning his name here
makes everyone fall silent in awe.

883
00:50:56,210 --> 00:50:58,370
Am I proud of being
the world's most famous hacker?

884
00:50:58,730 --> 00:51:02,690
Um... It's a title that's
kind of cool to have,

885
00:51:02,850 --> 00:51:06,050
but I had a lot of trials and tribulations

886
00:51:06,210 --> 00:51:07,450
to get to that point.

887
00:51:07,650 --> 00:51:12,330
A lot of bad things happened in my life,
like, for example, going to a federal prison.

888
00:51:12,530 --> 00:51:14,810
So it's a title that was earned,

889
00:51:15,010 --> 00:51:16,450
but I took the hard road.

890
00:51:17,410 --> 00:51:19,130
When I was a federal fugitive

891
00:51:19,490 --> 00:51:21,890
I was really concerned obviously
about getting arrested

892
00:51:22,050 --> 00:51:24,890
so what I did is I hacked
into the cell phone company,

893
00:51:25,090 --> 00:51:27,130
one of the cell phone
companies in Los Angeles,

894
00:51:27,330 --> 00:51:29,770
and through what we call metadata...

895
00:51:29,970 --> 00:51:33,490
It's interesting because nowadays
with the revelations of Edward Snowden,

896
00:51:34,170 --> 00:51:37,130
he talked about metadata being very critical

897
00:51:37,330 --> 00:51:40,210
in the NSA's ability to
track us and surveil us

898
00:51:40,410 --> 00:51:43,090
and the NSA says, oh, it's only metadata,
it doesn't mean anything.

899
00:51:43,250 --> 00:51:45,450
Let me tell you
how I was able to use metadata

900
00:51:45,650 --> 00:51:47,850
to track the FBI in the 1990s.

901
00:51:48,050 --> 00:51:50,130
I was able to hack into
the cell phone company

902
00:51:50,330 --> 00:51:53,450
and I was able to identify
the phone numbers that belonged

903
00:51:53,650 --> 00:51:57,290
to the FBI white collar crime
squad in Los Angeles.

904
00:51:57,650 --> 00:52:00,330
And I was able to look at their...

905
00:52:01,770 --> 00:52:03,490
I couldn't get the contents of the call

906
00:52:03,650 --> 00:52:05,890
but I could see who they called
and who called them

907
00:52:06,050 --> 00:52:08,210
so I was able to get a lot of intelligence.

908
00:52:08,530 --> 00:52:10,010
And then what I was able to do is,

909
00:52:10,170 --> 00:52:13,330
through this device, I was
able to program this device

910
00:52:13,530 --> 00:52:15,370
with all the FBI cell phone numbers

911
00:52:15,570 --> 00:52:18,410
of the people that were
in charge of my investigation.

912
00:52:18,610 --> 00:52:20,410
It would start sending me pager alerts

913
00:52:20,610 --> 00:52:24,570
that the FBI cell phone is here,
you know, within a mile.

914
00:52:24,770 --> 00:52:25,890
So what I did that night is

915
00:52:26,050 --> 00:52:29,490
I took all my computer stuff:
my floppy disk, my CDs,

916
00:52:29,650 --> 00:52:31,450
anything that's technology related...

917
00:52:31,730 --> 00:52:36,330
I put it at a friend's house and then I went
to Winchell's Donuts and I got a big...

918
00:52:36,570 --> 00:52:39,530
I think it was a 24 box of, you know, donuts.

919
00:52:39,730 --> 00:52:42,330
I took a Sharpie and
wrote "FBI Donuts" on the box,

920
00:52:42,490 --> 00:52:46,490
I put it in the refrigerator and on a big
post-it note outside the refrigerator

921
00:52:46,690 --> 00:52:49,050
you know the logo for
Intel says "Intel inside"?

922
00:52:49,210 --> 00:52:52,130
I put "FBI donuts inside" and
stuck it on the refrigerator.

923
00:52:52,290 --> 00:52:55,490
And it just so happens at 6:00 that morning

924
00:52:56,690 --> 00:52:59,770
I wake up... And how I wake up is

925
00:52:59,970 --> 00:53:01,410
I hear somebody jiggling the door.

926
00:53:01,570 --> 00:53:05,370
The FBI knocks, they don't jiggle doors,
and I go "who is it?" just instinctively

927
00:53:05,530 --> 00:53:07,450
because I thought someone
was trying to break in.

928
00:53:07,650 --> 00:53:09,330
"FBI, open up! Open up!"

929
00:53:09,530 --> 00:53:11,130
And they're looking for
anything electronic...

930
00:53:11,290 --> 00:53:13,850
a computer, a cell phone,
and nothing's there.

931
00:53:14,450 --> 00:53:17,610
And as soon as one of the guys
gets to the refrigerator...

932
00:53:17,870 --> 00:53:20,090
...he just goes... he goes "what the fuck?"

933
00:53:20,290 --> 00:53:23,730
You know, he's pissed because they
obviously knew I knew they were coming,

934
00:53:23,930 --> 00:53:25,610
so they were not happy.

935
00:53:25,810 --> 00:53:30,130
I was arrested and I was in court
and I thought I was going home that day

936
00:53:30,290 --> 00:53:33,250
and then this federal prosecutor
tells the judge

937
00:53:33,410 --> 00:53:37,010
that we not only have to
hold Mr. Mitnick without bail

938
00:53:37,210 --> 00:53:39,490
but we have to make sure
he can't get to a telephone.

939
00:53:39,650 --> 00:53:41,890
And I was really paying
attention at this point,

940
00:53:42,050 --> 00:53:45,090
and then the prosecutor
starts telling the judge

941
00:53:45,250 --> 00:53:47,450
that if we let Mr. Mitnick near a telephone,

942
00:53:47,650 --> 00:53:50,890
he can dial up to NORAD, dial up the modem,

943
00:53:51,090 --> 00:53:54,090
whistle into the phone and launch an ICBM.

944
00:53:54,450 --> 00:53:58,130
Facing 400 years in prison
I had nothing to lose.

945
00:53:58,330 --> 00:54:00,490
I ended up being held in federal prison

946
00:54:00,690 --> 00:54:03,370
without bail in solitary
confinement for a year.

947
00:54:04,290 --> 00:54:06,370
After his time in solitary,

948
00:54:06,610 --> 00:54:10,530
Mitnick languished four more
years in federal prison.

949
00:54:16,450 --> 00:54:19,050
Because the internet was designed

950
00:54:19,250 --> 00:54:22,250
for a community that trusted each other

951
00:54:22,770 --> 00:54:24,930
it didn't have a lot of protections in it.

952
00:54:25,090 --> 00:54:28,410
Uh, we didn't worry about spying
on each other, for example.

953
00:54:28,610 --> 00:54:32,370
We didn't worry about
somebody sending out to us spam

954
00:54:32,570 --> 00:54:36,810
or bad emails or viruses because
such a person would have been,

955
00:54:37,010 --> 00:54:38,330
you know, banned from the community.

956
00:54:38,690 --> 00:54:42,450
It would be really nice when I got a message
if I knew where the message came from.

957
00:54:42,650 --> 00:54:45,610
But the way that the protocols
of the internet work,

958
00:54:45,810 --> 00:54:47,370
that's fundamentally impossible.

959
00:54:48,130 --> 00:54:50,530
And so I kind of have
to look at the message and guess,

960
00:54:50,690 --> 00:54:52,650
is this somebody pretending
to be somebody else.

961
00:54:54,050 --> 00:54:57,330
We can design systems
that are really anonymous

962
00:54:57,530 --> 00:55:00,610
or that are utterly identifiable
down to the person

963
00:55:00,850 --> 00:55:05,170
and it's time for us to think about what
contexts we'd want to support what.

964
00:55:05,370 --> 00:55:09,610
A system that is utterly identifiable
at all times is a nightmare.

965
00:55:09,810 --> 00:55:11,890
It's exactly what we don't
want to hand a country

966
00:55:12,090 --> 00:55:13,810
that doesn't embrace the rule of law...

967
00:55:15,410 --> 00:55:19,250
ready made for them to
employ with their populace.

968
00:55:19,450 --> 00:55:23,970
At the same time, a system that can provide

969
00:55:24,130 --> 00:55:26,410
no accountability at all...

970
00:55:26,610 --> 00:55:28,730
We have pockets of that online

971
00:55:28,930 --> 00:55:32,610
and most people do not find that appealing.

972
00:55:33,290 --> 00:55:36,770
In any frontier, before the law gets there,

973
00:55:36,930 --> 00:55:39,570
there's always people seeking
to take advantage of the system.

974
00:55:40,050 --> 00:55:41,850
I've seen in the United States, for instance,

975
00:55:42,010 --> 00:55:44,930
probably something like five
or six billion identities lost

976
00:55:45,090 --> 00:55:47,010
but there aren't that
many people in the United States

977
00:55:47,170 --> 00:55:49,090
which makes everyone a little
inured to it every time.

978
00:55:49,250 --> 00:55:52,050
What does it really mean when they hear
their identity's been compromised?

979
00:55:52,210 --> 00:55:54,610
It's not always an identity
compromising totality.

980
00:55:54,810 --> 00:55:56,410
Sometimes it's just a small portion of it.

981
00:55:56,570 --> 00:55:58,730
Your identity comprises many, many things.

982
00:55:58,930 --> 00:56:01,850
There is one you and
there are many components

983
00:56:02,050 --> 00:56:03,530
that represent you digitally.

984
00:56:03,730 --> 00:56:07,450
Some compromises in that system have very
little impact on you, and some huge,

985
00:56:07,650 --> 00:56:10,130
but the line between your physical life

986
00:56:10,330 --> 00:56:12,770
and digital life is becoming far more blurred

987
00:56:12,930 --> 00:56:15,730
and there will come a point
where the threats online

988
00:56:15,930 --> 00:56:18,890
will hamper your ability
to embrace new technology.

989
00:56:19,090 --> 00:56:21,530
That's what my colleagues
and I have to push back.

990
00:56:21,730 --> 00:56:25,130
Governments who can achieve
all the same effects they would

991
00:56:25,330 --> 00:56:28,010
for international affairs or foreign affairs

992
00:56:28,210 --> 00:56:30,210
without having to rely on tools of war...

993
00:56:30,370 --> 00:56:33,210
it's another tool at the table, right?

994
00:56:33,370 --> 00:56:35,730
War is an extension of
politics by other means?

995
00:56:35,930 --> 00:56:38,370
Well, now there's another
one with much less risk,

996
00:56:38,530 --> 00:56:40,890
easier to fund, and it puts even some

997
00:56:41,090 --> 00:56:44,290
smaller nation states on the same
playing field as larger ones.

998
00:56:44,450 --> 00:56:47,970
So dozens of nation
states have an ability to hack others

999
00:56:48,210 --> 00:56:50,570
and they use this as an extension
of foreign policy.

1000
00:56:59,810 --> 00:57:05,330
We became curious to look into
the biggest cyber attack known until today.

1001
00:57:07,930 --> 00:57:10,930
You were at the Sandia National Laboratory.

1002
00:57:11,130 --> 00:57:14,170
What sort of a company is
Sandia, can you explain?

1003
00:57:14,690 --> 00:57:17,010
Sure. Sandia National Laboratories

1004
00:57:17,170 --> 00:57:19,770
is a government research laboratory,

1005
00:57:20,250 --> 00:57:22,690
a Department of Energy Research laboratory

1006
00:57:23,090 --> 00:57:27,090
that does work in the national interests:

1007
00:57:27,770 --> 00:57:32,450
weapons work, there's solar energy research,

1008
00:57:33,050 --> 00:57:34,930
micro machine research,

1009
00:57:36,250 --> 00:57:40,570
cyber security research,
those sorts of endeavors.

1010
00:57:40,770 --> 00:57:42,090
Nuclear weapons?

1011
00:57:42,850 --> 00:57:44,370
Nuclear weapons, yep.

1012
00:57:44,570 --> 00:57:46,650
It's part of the nuclear weapons complex

1013
00:57:47,130 --> 00:57:50,490
for stockpile stewardship along
with some of the other laboratories

1014
00:57:50,650 --> 00:57:54,530
just to ensure that the weapons
will function properly and...

1015
00:57:55,170 --> 00:57:57,050
as they age through the years.

1016
00:57:57,970 --> 00:58:00,770
So a wonderful target for cyber-attacks.

1017
00:58:00,930 --> 00:58:02,890
- It is.
- It can't get any better.

1018
00:58:04,450 --> 00:58:06,330
It's, uh, it has a big target on it, yes.

1019
00:58:06,690 --> 00:58:08,610
You stumbled over a problem?

1020
00:58:08,770 --> 00:58:09,970
A problem, yes.

1021
00:58:11,330 --> 00:58:14,690
Terrifying in scope, basically, you know,

1022
00:58:14,810 --> 00:58:17,730
hundreds of organizations...

1023
00:58:17,890 --> 00:58:20,290
military, defense, industrial based

1024
00:58:20,450 --> 00:58:23,370
compromised as far as their networks

1025
00:58:23,570 --> 00:58:26,650
and, you know, just...

1026
00:58:27,810 --> 00:58:30,090
people maintaining a presence on the network

1027
00:58:30,290 --> 00:58:33,490
for the sole purpose of
siphoning off information of value.

1028
00:58:33,810 --> 00:58:36,130
But we know World Bank was affected,

1029
00:58:36,290 --> 00:58:40,010
NASA was affected, military was affected.

1030
00:58:40,610 --> 00:58:41,690
That's correct.

1031
00:58:43,410 --> 00:58:46,190
I just cannot talk about it. I'm sorry.

1032
00:58:47,570 --> 00:58:48,690
Alright, but...

1033
00:58:49,330 --> 00:58:51,050
we do know a name.

1034
00:58:51,570 --> 00:58:54,690
We do have a beautiful name: Titan Rain.

1035
00:58:54,850 --> 00:58:55,850
Mm hmm.

1036
00:58:56,050 --> 00:58:58,650
- Can you at least nod?
- Yes.

1037
00:59:00,530 --> 00:59:04,210
The scope of our conversation
was extremely reduced,

1038
00:59:04,570 --> 00:59:09,170
but some of the information here
became part of court proceedings.

1039
00:59:09,370 --> 00:59:11,890
The transcripts are public record,

1040
00:59:12,090 --> 00:59:15,050
including the name coined by the FBI.

1041
00:59:17,050 --> 00:59:20,570
You were not up at night in the office,
you were up at night at home?

1042
00:59:20,770 --> 00:59:22,570
Up at night at home, yes.

1043
00:59:22,770 --> 00:59:24,010
Lots of coffee?

1044
00:59:24,610 --> 00:59:25,890
Lots of coffee.

1045
00:59:26,690 --> 00:59:27,890
Lots of Nicorette.

1046
00:59:29,850 --> 00:59:32,770
And how rewarding is it to trail the enemy?

1047
00:59:33,530 --> 00:59:34,850
To find the track?

1048
00:59:35,610 --> 00:59:37,330
It's very rewarding.

1049
00:59:37,530 --> 00:59:38,730
It's like a puzzle,

1050
00:59:38,930 --> 00:59:42,610
finding patterns within chaos
that shouldn't be there

1051
00:59:42,970 --> 00:59:44,770
and finding these anomalies.

1052
00:59:44,930 --> 00:59:46,450
And once you scratch the surface,

1053
00:59:46,650 --> 00:59:51,130
you start to put together clues
and develop a better picture.

1054
00:59:51,570 --> 00:59:54,050
You can be certain that you're pursuing

1055
00:59:54,210 --> 00:59:56,570
a certain person or a certain entity

1056
00:59:56,730 --> 00:59:59,050
and it could just be a ghost.

1057
00:59:59,250 --> 01:00:01,250
Until you have some physical proof,

1058
01:00:01,410 --> 01:00:03,370
you have someone that kicks a door down

1059
01:00:03,570 --> 01:00:06,730
and sees that this is the person
that's actually behind the keyboard,

1060
01:00:06,930 --> 01:00:09,490
it can all be a myth or an illusion.

1061
01:00:10,210 --> 01:00:13,090
It could be, you know,
a layered sort of thing

1062
01:00:13,250 --> 01:00:15,250
or all at once, you know,

1063
01:00:15,450 --> 01:00:19,490
just to bring down power, financial systems,

1064
01:00:19,650 --> 01:00:21,570
and just degrade, corrupt them.

1065
01:00:21,730 --> 01:00:25,010
Sometimes it's even worse, rather
than bringing it down you corrupt it

1066
01:00:25,210 --> 01:00:28,890
and undermine faith, let's say,
in the stock market.

1067
01:00:29,050 --> 01:00:31,690
Don't bring it down,
you start altering prices,

1068
01:00:31,890 --> 01:00:33,570
you start altering records,

1069
01:00:34,250 --> 01:00:38,450
and you delete them en masse
and just cause chaos

1070
01:00:38,650 --> 01:00:41,570
so the markets cannot even
restore and come up for days.

1071
01:00:42,010 --> 01:00:44,210
The possibilities of taking over spacecraft

1072
01:00:44,410 --> 01:00:46,130
and lowering the orbits of the spacecraft

1073
01:00:46,330 --> 01:00:49,530
so they burn up, and vital GPS communications

1074
01:00:49,690 --> 01:00:52,090
and other sorts of communications are...

1075
01:00:52,250 --> 01:00:54,250
there's nothing there
to replace them anymore.

1076
01:00:54,450 --> 01:00:57,770
Could it be that we are
right now already in a cyber war

1077
01:00:57,930 --> 01:00:59,490
that we don't even notice?

1078
01:00:59,650 --> 01:01:00,610
Sure.

1079
01:01:06,650 --> 01:01:10,170
It doesn't matter how much money
a company invests in technology.

1080
01:01:10,330 --> 01:01:12,330
You can spend tens of thousands of dollars

1081
01:01:12,530 --> 01:01:15,410
on your firewall, on your
intrusion prevention systems

1082
01:01:15,610 --> 01:01:18,490
and your spam, on your anti-virus,

1083
01:01:19,170 --> 01:01:22,170
and if I could just manipulate one person

1084
01:01:22,330 --> 01:01:24,050
inside that company, I'm in.

1085
01:01:24,370 --> 01:01:26,850
95% of the work, when I used
to do this in the past,

1086
01:01:27,010 --> 01:01:28,730
is research and finding out about

1087
01:01:28,890 --> 01:01:30,810
the human element and gathering information

1088
01:01:31,010 --> 01:01:34,570
and emails and their personal
emails and the conference

1089
01:01:34,770 --> 01:01:36,930
that they were just at
and who spoke before them

1090
01:01:37,090 --> 01:01:40,170
and that person's email address
so I can send that person

1091
01:01:40,330 --> 01:01:42,370
a rigged PDF attachment

1092
01:01:42,530 --> 01:01:44,370
that may look perfectly normal and forge it

1093
01:01:44,610 --> 01:01:46,970
because I just spoke with
this guy so I'm gonna open it.

1094
01:01:47,130 --> 01:01:50,730
And nothing happens on my computer but in
the background a little Trojan is dropped

1095
01:01:50,930 --> 01:01:53,770
that starts communicating
that allows me access

1096
01:01:53,970 --> 01:01:56,890
and then I, you know,
gather more information.

1097
01:01:57,090 --> 01:01:58,890
I grab his contact book,

1098
01:01:59,090 --> 01:02:02,010
I find the people that know the information

1099
01:02:02,170 --> 01:02:04,090
that I'm interested in exploiting,

1100
01:02:04,250 --> 01:02:08,010
and then I send an email from him
with the same type of attachment

1101
01:02:08,210 --> 01:02:11,090
and eventually I have what I want.

1102
01:02:11,610 --> 01:02:13,450
People are the weakest link in security.

1103
01:02:14,170 --> 01:02:15,970
People. Not the technology.

1104
01:02:16,130 --> 01:02:18,650
Now through this special
TV offer you can receive

1105
01:02:18,810 --> 01:02:22,410
a Motorola flip phone with Cellular
One service for just pennies a day.

1106
01:02:22,610 --> 01:02:25,770
Now everyone can enjoy the freedom
of a personal cellular phone.

1107
01:02:26,290 --> 01:02:27,610
You can make a call anywhere...

1108
01:02:27,810 --> 01:02:29,370
Or get a call anytime.

1109
01:02:31,250 --> 01:02:33,250
So I'm living in Denver, Colorado,

1110
01:02:33,490 --> 01:02:35,690
incidentally I'm not living
under the name Kevin Mitnick,

1111
01:02:35,890 --> 01:02:37,530
I'm under the name of Eric Weiss.

1112
01:02:38,170 --> 01:02:39,370
Why Eric Weiss?

1113
01:02:39,610 --> 01:02:42,210
Because at the time I was a federal fugitive

1114
01:02:42,410 --> 01:02:43,530
I was hiding from the FBI

1115
01:02:43,690 --> 01:02:46,850
and my idol was Harry Houdini
and that's Harry Houdini's real name,

1116
01:02:46,970 --> 01:02:48,330
so I thought I had a sense of humor.

1117
01:02:54,330 --> 01:02:56,970
So I call directory assistance,
I get the number to Motorola.

1118
01:02:57,170 --> 01:02:58,890
I'm now talking to the Vice President

1119
01:02:59,090 --> 01:03:01,850
for Research and Development
for all of Motorola Mobility

1120
01:03:02,010 --> 01:03:04,250
and I go "Hey, this is Rick over
at Arlington Heights"

1121
01:03:04,450 --> 01:03:06,410
because I found out they had
an Arlington Heights facility.

1122
01:03:06,610 --> 01:03:08,810
"I'm looking for the project manager
of the MicroTAC".

1123
01:03:09,250 --> 01:03:11,410
And the VP goes "Oh, that's Pam.

1124
01:03:11,610 --> 01:03:12,970
She works for me,
would you like her extension?"

1125
01:03:13,170 --> 01:03:14,690
I go "Sure, give it to me",
and he gives me the extension.

1126
01:03:15,290 --> 01:03:16,650
So my next call is to Pam

1127
01:03:16,850 --> 01:03:19,290
but I don't get her,
I get her outgoing greeting

1128
01:03:19,450 --> 01:03:21,850
on her voicemail and she told her callers

1129
01:03:22,010 --> 01:03:23,770
that she just left on a two week vacation,

1130
01:03:23,930 --> 01:03:26,170
the date she's returning, and if
you need any help whatsoever

1131
01:03:26,330 --> 01:03:28,690
please call Alicia
at extension blah, blah, blah.

1132
01:03:29,090 --> 01:03:31,010
So of course my next call is to Alicia

1133
01:03:31,170 --> 01:03:33,770
and she answers the phone
and I go "Hey, Alicia,

1134
01:03:33,970 --> 01:03:35,490
this is Rick over at Arlington Heights.

1135
01:03:35,650 --> 01:03:37,610
Did Pam leave on vacation yet?"

1136
01:03:37,810 --> 01:03:39,170
Of course, I already knew she had.

1137
01:03:39,330 --> 01:03:42,130
And she goes "Yes" and I go
"Well, before she left,

1138
01:03:42,330 --> 01:03:44,530
she said that you could help me get a copy

1139
01:03:44,690 --> 01:03:47,970
of the MicroTAC source code.
She said you would help me out".

1140
01:03:48,130 --> 01:03:51,130
About five minutes later she
goes "I found the source code".

1141
01:03:52,610 --> 01:03:55,650
You know, she gave me the release number
and she goes "but there's a problem.

1142
01:03:55,810 --> 01:03:59,330
Rick, I'm gonna have to talk
to my security manager

1143
01:03:59,490 --> 01:04:01,690
about what you're asking me
to do. I'll be right back".

1144
01:04:01,850 --> 01:04:03,130
And I go "No, wait, wait!"

1145
01:04:03,290 --> 01:04:05,770
'cause I didn't want her to talk
to any security manager

1146
01:04:06,010 --> 01:04:07,770
because obviously they'd
figure out what's going on.

1147
01:04:07,930 --> 01:04:10,450
About eight minutes later
she comes back on the line.

1148
01:04:10,650 --> 01:04:12,610
I'm nervous, thinking they
hooked up a tape recorder

1149
01:04:12,770 --> 01:04:14,970
and that's gonna be Exhibit A
in the court case later.

1150
01:04:15,130 --> 01:04:17,170
And she goes "Rick?" And I go "uh-huh?"

1151
01:04:17,370 --> 01:04:21,810
and she goes "That IP address
you gave me to do the file transfer

1152
01:04:22,010 --> 01:04:24,330
is not inside Motorola's campus,
it's outside,

1153
01:04:24,690 --> 01:04:26,850
and because of that I can't transfer the file

1154
01:04:27,010 --> 01:04:29,690
because we need to use
a special proxy server to do so

1155
01:04:29,890 --> 01:04:31,050
and I don't have an account".

1156
01:04:31,290 --> 01:04:33,370
And I go "Uh-huh", you know and I just go

1157
01:04:33,530 --> 01:04:38,250
"Alright, thank you very much" and she goes
"Wait, wait, I have some great news for you".

1158
01:04:38,450 --> 01:04:39,450
I go "what?"

1159
01:04:39,610 --> 01:04:42,610
She goes "My security manager gave me

1160
01:04:42,810 --> 01:04:45,370
his personal user name and password

1161
01:04:45,530 --> 01:04:48,010
so I could log onto the proxy
server to send you the file!"

1162
01:04:48,570 --> 01:04:51,530
Motorola had a bunch of
security, technical security,

1163
01:04:51,770 --> 01:04:54,330
but it only took me 15 minutes
with a good gift of gab

1164
01:04:54,490 --> 01:04:55,770
to get the crown jewels.

1165
01:04:55,930 --> 01:04:57,330
So that's how that worked.

1166
01:04:57,530 --> 01:04:59,250
But you didn't sell it. It was curiosity.

1167
01:04:59,410 --> 01:05:00,850
- No.
- It was a sport.

1168
01:05:01,010 --> 01:05:01,930
Trophy.

1169
01:05:11,330 --> 01:05:13,850
This is Taurus, the concept that has evolved

1170
01:05:14,010 --> 01:05:17,010
from the work of these teams
of scientists and engineers.

1171
01:05:17,210 --> 01:05:19,130
They believe the huge space colony

1172
01:05:19,330 --> 01:05:21,370
could be built before the year 2000.

1173
01:05:21,850 --> 01:05:24,730
Constructed almost entirely
from ore mined on the moon,

1174
01:05:24,890 --> 01:05:28,330
the Taurus colony would become
home for 10,000 people.

1175
01:05:29,170 --> 01:05:32,770
Ideas of creating colonies
outside of planet Earth

1176
01:05:33,090 --> 01:05:35,170
have been around for a long time.

1177
01:05:36,450 --> 01:05:40,890
The problem of water,
air and shelter looks already solved.

1178
01:05:42,010 --> 01:05:45,170
In fact, nothing looks inviting out there.

1179
01:05:46,330 --> 01:05:48,930
There is a private company, SpaceX,

1180
01:05:49,090 --> 01:05:52,690
which is pursuing this idea
in practical terms.

1181
01:05:53,410 --> 01:05:57,010
Here rockets are being
assembled for the transport.

1182
01:05:58,130 --> 01:06:01,050
The founder of SpaceX, Elon Musk,

1183
01:06:01,210 --> 01:06:03,050
is not just a dreamer.

1184
01:06:03,250 --> 01:06:05,490
He made his fortune with PayPal,

1185
01:06:05,690 --> 01:06:07,850
he's building Tesla electric cars,

1186
01:06:08,050 --> 01:06:09,650
and is now constructing

1187
01:06:09,970 --> 01:06:12,930
the largest factory
for batteries on this planet.

1188
01:06:13,650 --> 01:06:14,890
After setbacks,

1189
01:06:15,130 --> 01:06:17,730
he's now successfully launching rockets.

1190
01:06:28,290 --> 01:06:31,570
For the first time in the history
of Earth, in 4.5 billion years,

1191
01:06:32,290 --> 01:06:34,890
the window of possibility is open for us

1192
01:06:35,090 --> 01:06:37,570
to extend life to another planet.

1193
01:06:37,770 --> 01:06:41,130
To the best of our knowledge life
exists only on Earth.

1194
01:06:41,730 --> 01:06:43,850
You know, there's a good argument
that it exists elsewhere

1195
01:06:44,050 --> 01:06:45,490
but we've seen no sign of it.

1196
01:06:45,690 --> 01:06:48,010
I think it's important
for us to take advantage

1197
01:06:48,210 --> 01:06:50,610
of that window while it is open

1198
01:06:50,810 --> 01:06:53,050
and to establish life

1199
01:06:53,330 --> 01:06:55,210
on another planet in the solar system

1200
01:06:55,410 --> 01:06:58,250
just in case something goes wrong with Earth.

1201
01:06:58,690 --> 01:06:59,690
Um...

1202
01:07:00,130 --> 01:07:01,090
And, uh...

1203
01:07:01,210 --> 01:07:04,290
You know, there could be either
a natural or manmade disaster

1204
01:07:04,450 --> 01:07:06,610
that knocks the technology level

1205
01:07:06,810 --> 01:07:11,810
below that where it's possible
to travel to another planet.

1206
01:07:12,570 --> 01:07:16,450
The key to establishing
a self-sustained large civilization

1207
01:07:16,610 --> 01:07:19,210
is getting the cost-per-unit-mass

1208
01:07:19,410 --> 01:07:22,330
low enough that there's
an intersection of sets:

1209
01:07:22,490 --> 01:07:24,490
the set of people that wish to move to Mars

1210
01:07:24,690 --> 01:07:28,370
and the set of people that can afford to
move to Mars inclusive of government aid.

1211
01:07:29,010 --> 01:07:31,450
I mean, right now we can't
even get one person to Mars.

1212
01:07:31,610 --> 01:07:33,370
- So, clearly...
- I would come along.

1213
01:07:34,010 --> 01:07:35,490
I wouldn't have a problem.

1214
01:07:35,770 --> 01:07:37,410
- One way ticket.
- That sounds great.

1215
01:07:37,570 --> 01:07:39,570
- I'd be your candidate.
- Okay.

1216
01:07:40,930 --> 01:07:43,650
I do think we'll want to...

1217
01:07:44,530 --> 01:07:46,050
offer round trips because

1218
01:07:46,450 --> 01:07:49,850
a lot more people would be willing to go
if they think that if they don't like it,

1219
01:07:50,010 --> 01:07:51,130
they can come back.

1220
01:07:52,610 --> 01:07:55,930
But how would we talk to them
who chose to stay?

1221
01:07:56,690 --> 01:07:59,850
Who would tell them the
outcome of the World Series?

1222
01:08:02,290 --> 01:08:05,250
Mars is actually a comparatively easy

1223
01:08:05,530 --> 01:08:09,090
internet thing to establish,
at least for local internet because

1224
01:08:09,730 --> 01:08:12,090
you wouldn't be living everywhere on Mars

1225
01:08:12,250 --> 01:08:15,890
so you'd really just need
maybe four satellites

1226
01:08:16,090 --> 01:08:20,690
to have global internet coverage

1227
01:08:20,890 --> 01:08:24,050
because of how sparse
the civilization would be on Mars.

1228
01:08:25,850 --> 01:08:29,210
And then some relay
satellites to get back to Earth.

1229
01:08:30,930 --> 01:08:32,890
Particularly when Mars
is on the other side of the sun,

1230
01:08:33,050 --> 01:08:35,290
you'd need to sort of bounce it
off a relay satellite,

1231
01:08:35,450 --> 01:08:37,050
you couldn't communicate directly with it.

1232
01:08:38,810 --> 01:08:40,930
The skyline of Chicago.

1233
01:08:42,690 --> 01:08:45,410
It looks devoid of its inhabitants.

1234
01:08:45,730 --> 01:08:47,810
We have to assume that nearly everyone

1235
01:08:47,970 --> 01:08:50,530
has left for a colony out there.

1236
01:08:50,730 --> 01:08:54,930
# Are you lonesome tonight? #

1237
01:08:55,650 --> 01:08:59,410
# Do you miss me tonight? #

1238
01:09:00,050 --> 01:09:06,410
# Are you sorry we drifted apart? #

1239
01:09:08,730 --> 01:09:12,930
# Does your memory stray #

1240
01:09:13,090 --> 01:09:14,770
# To a brighter sunny day #

1241
01:09:14,930 --> 01:09:18,690
The planetarium is the only point of contact.

1242
01:09:19,170 --> 01:09:23,290
Inside, a monument for those
who have levitated and left.

1243
01:09:23,930 --> 01:09:26,890
Yes, things must be real good out there.

1244
01:09:27,090 --> 01:09:30,970
# Do the chairs in your parlor #

1245
01:09:32,090 --> 01:09:34,770
# Seem empty and bare? #

1246
01:09:34,930 --> 01:09:37,770
But then we met some stragglers left behind.

1247
01:09:38,210 --> 01:09:40,490
They're all on their smartphones.

1248
01:09:42,970 --> 01:09:45,410
Have the monks stopped meditating?

1249
01:09:45,570 --> 01:09:47,250
Have they stopped praying?

1250
01:09:47,450 --> 01:09:49,650
They all seem to be tweeting.

1251
01:09:49,850 --> 01:09:53,730
# Shall I come back again? #

1252
01:09:54,330 --> 01:10:00,970
# Tell me, dear, are you lonesome tonight? #

1253
01:10:03,570 --> 01:10:06,410
How could we communicate with stars out there

1254
01:10:06,610 --> 01:10:08,170
that potentially have life?

1255
01:10:08,850 --> 01:10:11,970
Well, we can think of creating
a kind of long range internet

1256
01:10:12,130 --> 01:10:14,890
either through the use of radio waves

1257
01:10:15,090 --> 01:10:17,290
or perhaps visible light.

1258
01:10:17,490 --> 01:10:19,450
So these would be the kinds of signals

1259
01:10:19,610 --> 01:10:22,250
that we could generate in
the case of lower energy signals

1260
01:10:22,450 --> 01:10:24,250
like radio waves relatively cheaply

1261
01:10:24,410 --> 01:10:28,490
and we could broadcast,
if we came up with a suitable code

1262
01:10:29,250 --> 01:10:31,370
some way of transmitting information

1263
01:10:31,570 --> 01:10:33,850
over galactic and intergalactic distances.

1264
01:10:34,010 --> 01:10:37,530
But we would get an answer
back in 800,000 years?

1265
01:10:37,810 --> 01:10:40,530
Maybe 2.5 million years?

1266
01:10:40,730 --> 01:10:43,530
Well, I think that the more one looks for

1267
01:10:43,650 --> 01:10:46,130
planets in the universe
beyond our solar system

1268
01:10:46,330 --> 01:10:49,690
that are potentially places
that might be hospitable to life,

1269
01:10:50,010 --> 01:10:52,530
the more you appreciate the wonderful planet

1270
01:10:52,690 --> 01:10:55,050
that we have here that allows us to do things

1271
01:10:55,170 --> 01:10:56,530
like swim in an ocean,

1272
01:10:56,730 --> 01:10:59,890
breathe the air without
the help of our technology,

1273
01:11:00,090 --> 01:11:03,970
and so, while I would like us
to explore Mars more,

1274
01:11:04,210 --> 01:11:06,050
I think the only thing
that we've demonstrated is

1275
01:11:06,170 --> 01:11:08,770
that we're very good at
destroying the habitability of earth,

1276
01:11:09,490 --> 01:11:11,570
rather than improving the habitability

1277
01:11:11,730 --> 01:11:13,250
of a completely alien world.

1278
01:11:14,010 --> 01:11:16,810
The idea that Mars will somehow save us

1279
01:11:17,010 --> 01:11:19,090
from the decisions we've made
here is a false one.

1280
01:11:19,410 --> 01:11:21,290
And it's a little like saying that

1281
01:11:21,410 --> 01:11:23,970
you're going to go live
in the lifeboat when, you know,

1282
01:11:24,090 --> 01:11:25,930
even lifeboats need somewhere to land.

1283
01:11:41,490 --> 01:11:42,930
I don't think I have good dreams.

1284
01:11:43,130 --> 01:11:44,930
I'm sure I have good dreams sometimes,

1285
01:11:45,090 --> 01:11:47,050
but I don't seem to remember the good dreams.

1286
01:11:48,410 --> 01:11:51,890
The ones that I remember are the nightmares.

1287
01:11:55,250 --> 01:11:59,650
The Prussian war theoretician, Clausewitz,

1288
01:11:59,810 --> 01:12:01,650
Napoleonic times,

1289
01:12:01,850 --> 01:12:06,290
once famously said,
"sometimes war dreams of itself".

1290
01:12:07,450 --> 01:12:11,250
Could it be that the internet
starts to dream of itself?

1291
01:12:17,850 --> 01:12:19,210
Great question.

1292
01:12:22,010 --> 01:12:25,570
To think about dreaming,
there are maybe two aspects.

1293
01:12:26,010 --> 01:12:28,490
One is... what I'll call awareness,

1294
01:12:28,690 --> 01:12:31,970
when you wake up and you say
"I was just dreaming this" and you know it.

1295
01:12:32,410 --> 01:12:34,890
Another aspect is just...

1296
01:12:35,770 --> 01:12:38,130
some kind of pattern of
activity that emerges,

1297
01:12:38,330 --> 01:12:40,890
not because of some external stimuli

1298
01:12:41,050 --> 01:12:43,130
but just because of something going on

1299
01:12:43,290 --> 01:12:45,130
in unpredictable patterns.

1300
01:12:46,010 --> 01:12:48,210
I think already the internet
has the second of those,

1301
01:12:48,370 --> 01:12:50,050
has unpredictable patterns all the time.

1302
01:12:50,210 --> 01:12:53,530
They cause things like flash crashes
on the financial markets.

1303
01:12:54,770 --> 01:12:58,370
So we have plenty of kind of currents
running around in the internet

1304
01:12:58,530 --> 01:13:02,650
that are unpredictable,
in some cases unstoppable.

1305
01:13:02,810 --> 01:13:03,890
Imaginative?

1306
01:13:06,450 --> 01:13:09,370
Now it comes to what do
we mean by imaginative.

1307
01:13:09,530 --> 01:13:10,610
But if we mean...

1308
01:13:10,770 --> 01:13:12,370
We call a person imaginative

1309
01:13:12,530 --> 01:13:15,930
if they come up with ideas
that we didn't think of

1310
01:13:16,450 --> 01:13:19,250
and that we nevertheless admire.

1311
01:13:19,410 --> 01:13:20,450
If they can...

1312
01:13:20,570 --> 01:13:23,490
Usually admiration is part of it.

1313
01:13:23,970 --> 01:13:27,290
So for the internet, so far I think
it's mostly just unpredictable.

1314
01:13:27,570 --> 01:13:31,170
I haven't seen anything the internet
did on its own that I admire.

1315
01:13:33,890 --> 01:13:35,570
Does the internet dream of itself?

1316
01:13:36,090 --> 01:13:39,090
It does in the sense that it can beget

1317
01:13:39,290 --> 01:13:41,890
additional networks layered on top of it

1318
01:13:42,050 --> 01:13:45,330
that have the characteristics
of the underlying internet.

1319
01:13:45,530 --> 01:13:48,570
So just as the basic internet
is a series of computers

1320
01:13:48,730 --> 01:13:50,290
that happen to talk internet to each other

1321
01:13:50,450 --> 01:13:52,570
so that you can move
a bit from here to there,

1322
01:13:52,930 --> 01:13:55,530
there's a fellow named Sir Tim Berners-Lee

1323
01:13:55,770 --> 01:13:58,090
who could conceive of
something called the World Wide Web

1324
01:13:58,330 --> 01:14:00,410
and choose not to copyright it,

1325
01:14:00,610 --> 01:14:04,570
not to patent it, to allow
anybody to speak "server"

1326
01:14:04,730 --> 01:14:06,170
and some people speak "client"

1327
01:14:06,330 --> 01:14:08,410
and then before you know it,
you've got websites.

1328
01:14:08,570 --> 01:14:12,050
The web is the internet dreaming of itself.

1329
01:14:13,490 --> 01:14:15,970
Could it be that the internet
dreams of itself?

1330
01:14:16,690 --> 01:14:18,610
It's a fascinating idea.

1331
01:14:18,970 --> 01:14:20,610
In fact, there was a wonderful
science fiction story

1332
01:14:20,770 --> 01:14:23,810
which later got turned into a movie,
Blade Runner, and I think it was called

1333
01:14:23,970 --> 01:14:25,810
"Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?"

1334
01:14:26,010 --> 01:14:27,210
The robot's dream,

1335
01:14:27,930 --> 01:14:30,290
but the internet is nothing but connections.

1336
01:14:30,490 --> 01:14:33,170
Will it have its own consciousness?

1337
01:14:33,370 --> 01:14:35,450
Will it have its own set of rules?

1338
01:14:35,610 --> 01:14:37,450
And perhaps...

1339
01:14:38,050 --> 01:14:40,930
on an even more scary realm,
a science fiction realm,

1340
01:14:41,090 --> 01:14:43,970
will the internet therefore make
its own decisions?

1341
01:14:44,210 --> 01:14:47,570
And will the decisions about
how communication happens

1342
01:14:47,770 --> 01:14:49,170
go out of human hands?

1343
01:14:49,370 --> 01:14:50,850
That's certainly a possibility.

1344
01:14:51,730 --> 01:14:54,010
But since we don't even
understand consciousness,

1345
01:14:54,530 --> 01:14:58,930
I am hesitant to make any predictions
and I think anyone who claims

1346
01:14:59,130 --> 01:15:02,530
they know what's going to happen to
the internet, is not worth listening to.

1347
01:15:15,290 --> 01:15:16,450
Pittsburgh.

1348
01:15:16,890 --> 01:15:20,730
The Industrial Age...
the steel mills are long gone.

1349
01:15:20,890 --> 01:15:23,690
A new industry has established itself.

1350
01:15:24,410 --> 01:15:27,330
Here robots are being designed.

1351
01:15:27,490 --> 01:15:31,770
This one, named Chimp
is testing its limbs on its own.

1352
01:15:35,890 --> 01:15:39,690
Soon battalions of them
connected via internet

1353
01:15:39,810 --> 01:15:43,490
could perform rescue missions
in disaster zones.

1354
01:15:44,850 --> 01:15:47,770
I think it's gonna run through
the lift joints momentarily.

1355
01:15:55,610 --> 01:15:58,250
We're still a long ways away from a robot

1356
01:15:58,450 --> 01:16:02,690
having a complete understanding
of the world, of cause and effect,

1357
01:16:02,850 --> 01:16:05,810
of desires and hopes and dreams,

1358
01:16:06,010 --> 01:16:09,650
and those are the things that
still make humans human

1359
01:16:09,850 --> 01:16:12,330
and robots on a much lesser scale.

1360
01:16:13,690 --> 01:16:15,770
Well, you could think of this scenario

1361
01:16:15,930 --> 01:16:17,370
almost as robot dreaming.

1362
01:16:17,530 --> 01:16:19,570
This is, you know, a robot

1363
01:16:20,090 --> 01:16:23,290
conceptualizing what is gonna
happen in the future

1364
01:16:23,450 --> 01:16:25,250
and thinking about different scenarios

1365
01:16:25,410 --> 01:16:28,130
and for any of these motions it's considering

1366
01:16:28,250 --> 01:16:30,650
thousands and thousands
of scenarios per second

1367
01:16:30,810 --> 01:16:34,050
that might happen,
especially when you get to the point

1368
01:16:34,210 --> 01:16:36,530
of robots exchanging information
with one another,

1369
01:16:36,730 --> 01:16:39,130
then you might have a robot
dreaming about places

1370
01:16:39,330 --> 01:16:40,530
it hasn't even been.

1371
01:17:02,170 --> 01:17:04,970
This is the Chimp view of the world now

1372
01:17:05,130 --> 01:17:07,810
using a high resolution laser scanner

1373
01:17:07,970 --> 01:17:10,010
and it has to really build up its...

1374
01:17:10,370 --> 01:17:13,170
its learning of what's going on
in the environment.

1375
01:17:13,370 --> 01:17:16,650
In this case it's a valve
that it's trying to turn

1376
01:17:16,890 --> 01:17:18,610
and we see the pre-planning...

1377
01:17:18,810 --> 01:17:21,330
this is like the robot imagination
of what's gonna happen:

1378
01:17:21,530 --> 01:17:24,170
where the gripper is gonna be,
how it's gonna come into that valve,

1379
01:17:24,370 --> 01:17:25,490
and how it can manipulate it.

1380
01:17:25,690 --> 01:17:29,490
It could have opened the valve in
Fukushima and prevented an explosion?

1381
01:17:29,690 --> 01:17:32,810
That was one of the key things
that spurred this research...

1382
01:17:33,050 --> 01:17:36,330
realizing that it was
too dangerous for humans to go in

1383
01:17:36,530 --> 01:17:39,890
but if you could have had a robot
go in and just do some simple things,

1384
01:17:40,090 --> 01:17:42,610
straightforward things that
the humans were unable to do:

1385
01:17:42,810 --> 01:17:46,010
open valves to change
the cooling flow patterns,

1386
01:17:46,170 --> 01:17:48,290
maybe turn on pumps again.

1387
01:17:48,450 --> 01:17:49,850
That would have made all the difference

1388
01:17:50,050 --> 01:17:53,410
in preventing the hydrogen build-up
and the subsequent explosion.

1389
01:17:54,050 --> 01:17:56,610
How valuable is the cockroach for you?

1390
01:17:56,770 --> 01:18:00,290
I think any insect is amazingly, uh...

1391
01:18:01,570 --> 01:18:04,050
advanced, compared to the state
of the art robots right now.

1392
01:18:04,250 --> 01:18:08,050
If you think about a cockroach, the fact
that it can scurry around on the floor,

1393
01:18:08,250 --> 01:18:11,130
it can avoid dangers, it
can find food for itself,

1394
01:18:11,290 --> 01:18:12,370
it can reproduce,

1395
01:18:12,570 --> 01:18:16,650
and it can live for several years on its own,

1396
01:18:17,090 --> 01:18:19,490
robots are nowhere near that point yet

1397
01:18:19,650 --> 01:18:23,210
and I think it'll be great when we have even

1398
01:18:23,410 --> 01:18:25,050
as much capability as a cockroach.

1399
01:18:35,970 --> 01:18:39,050
I can not only imagine
artificial intelligence

1400
01:18:39,250 --> 01:18:41,610
evolving spontaneously on the internet

1401
01:18:41,810 --> 01:18:44,490
but I can't tell you it
hasn't happened already.

1402
01:18:46,170 --> 01:18:47,370
Because...

1403
01:18:48,290 --> 01:18:51,330
it wouldn't necessarily reveal itself to us.

1404
01:18:52,450 --> 01:18:54,970
I think that the biggest
risk is not that the AI will...

1405
01:18:55,730 --> 01:18:59,090
develop a will of its own,
but rather that it will follow the will

1406
01:18:59,250 --> 01:19:03,050
of people that establish
its utility function,

1407
01:19:03,290 --> 01:19:06,370
its optimization function,
and that optimization function,

1408
01:19:07,290 --> 01:19:08,530
if it is...

1409
01:19:09,970 --> 01:19:13,050
not well thought out,
I mean even if it's relatively...

1410
01:19:13,330 --> 01:19:17,690
if its intent is benign,
it could have quite a bad outcome.

1411
01:19:17,850 --> 01:19:20,650
For example, if you were...

1412
01:19:20,930 --> 01:19:22,850
a hedge fund or a private
equity fund and you said,

1413
01:19:23,090 --> 01:19:27,450
well, all I want my Al to do is
maximize the value of my portfolio,

1414
01:19:28,290 --> 01:19:29,370
then...

1415
01:19:29,850 --> 01:19:31,050
the Al could decide,

1416
01:19:31,250 --> 01:19:35,130
well, the best way to do that
is to short consumer stocks,

1417
01:19:35,290 --> 01:19:37,930
go long defense stocks, and start a war.

1418
01:19:39,450 --> 01:19:41,370
And that would obviously be quite bad.

1419
01:19:44,090 --> 01:19:46,970
Such an attack would be much more prosaic

1420
01:19:47,290 --> 01:19:52,170
than an invasion of these aliens
in the SpaceX reception area.

1421
01:19:59,610 --> 01:20:01,610
I think we're gonna get to the point where

1422
01:20:01,810 --> 01:20:05,010
almost everything we do
will be done by machines.

1423
01:20:05,210 --> 01:20:07,290
And we'll still need people

1424
01:20:07,450 --> 01:20:10,610
but if you ask the question
about will there ever be...

1425
01:20:11,650 --> 01:20:14,170
an artificial intelligent
machine that makes movies?

1426
01:20:14,330 --> 01:20:15,490
Absolutely yes.

1427
01:20:15,650 --> 01:20:18,730
Will it be quite as good as yours?
No one can even come close.

1428
01:20:18,930 --> 01:20:19,970
Of course not.

1429
01:20:20,130 --> 01:20:23,450
But actually I think almost everything we do,

1430
01:20:23,650 --> 01:20:27,250
we find machines doing better,
and the reason why that's the case

1431
01:20:27,450 --> 01:20:29,610
is because machines learn faster
than people can learn.

1432
01:20:30,290 --> 01:20:33,090
But they cannot fall in love as we can.

1433
01:20:33,370 --> 01:20:35,650
And will it be useful for
machines to fall in love?

1434
01:20:36,570 --> 01:20:38,610
Would we want to have machines

1435
01:20:38,770 --> 01:20:40,530
that are just like people? I would say no.

1436
01:20:40,730 --> 01:20:42,850
Honestly, if a dishwasher came to me and said

1437
01:20:43,010 --> 01:20:45,250
"look, I'm falling in love
with the refrigerator and,

1438
01:20:45,410 --> 01:20:47,730
as a result, I have no
time to wash the dishes".

1439
01:20:47,930 --> 01:20:49,570
I wouldn't like that dishwasher.

1440
01:20:49,730 --> 01:20:51,810
We're going to have a revolution

1441
01:20:51,970 --> 01:20:54,770
not only in our technology,
but in our theology.

1442
01:20:54,970 --> 01:20:56,490
We don't even have a name for it

1443
01:20:56,690 --> 01:20:59,370
but it's around the internet,
it's around connectivity,

1444
01:20:59,610 --> 01:21:02,010
it's around building machines to think for us

1445
01:21:02,650 --> 01:21:05,810
and I think we're due for another shift

1446
01:21:06,490 --> 01:21:08,410
in our morals, in our....

1447
01:21:08,730 --> 01:21:11,130
in our definition of what
it means to be human.

1448
01:21:11,410 --> 01:21:13,930
We're right just at the beginning of that,

1449
01:21:14,130 --> 01:21:16,010
and so you can see us trying to kind of...

1450
01:21:16,690 --> 01:21:19,370
feel out and invent this new society

1451
01:21:19,610 --> 01:21:22,370
and invent these new ideas
of what's right and wrong.

1452
01:21:22,530 --> 01:21:24,450
What can we depend on each other for...

1453
01:21:24,610 --> 01:21:26,930
or what can we expect from each other?

1454
01:21:27,610 --> 01:21:29,450
How much do we want to do that?

1455
01:21:30,450 --> 01:21:33,650
So I think it's an incredibly creative time

1456
01:21:33,850 --> 01:21:36,290
in human history... not just technologically

1457
01:21:37,290 --> 01:21:39,490
but also morally and culturally.

1458
01:22:48,730 --> 01:22:50,850
This room should know I'm here.

1459
01:22:51,650 --> 01:22:53,210
I should be able to talk to it.

1460
01:22:53,370 --> 01:22:55,130
It should be able to give
me an answer verbally.

1461
01:22:55,290 --> 01:22:57,690
I should ask where, for example,
is a high-speed printer?

1462
01:22:57,850 --> 01:22:59,210
Or where did I leave my keys?

1463
01:22:59,450 --> 01:23:00,810
Or where's a book on this subject?

1464
01:23:01,010 --> 01:23:02,490
And it should answer me with speech,

1465
01:23:02,650 --> 01:23:05,890
with a hologram, with a display,
in a very natural way.

1466
01:23:06,330 --> 01:23:08,970
I should maybe use gestures and touch,

1467
01:23:09,530 --> 01:23:11,890
and even smell and all my senses

1468
01:23:12,090 --> 01:23:16,490
to interact in a very humanistic way
with this technology around us.

1469
01:23:16,690 --> 01:23:20,410
And once that technology
comes out into our physical world

1470
01:23:21,490 --> 01:23:24,890
and becomes embedded in our walls,
in our desk, in our bodies,

1471
01:23:25,050 --> 01:23:28,130
in our fingernails, in our cars,
in our offices, in our homes,

1472
01:23:28,890 --> 01:23:31,890
it should disappear and become invisible.

1473
01:23:32,410 --> 01:23:33,650
Whereas electricity...

1474
01:23:34,010 --> 01:23:37,210
there's a socket in the wall,
you plug in, you get electricity.

1475
01:23:37,370 --> 01:23:40,690
You don't care how it's made.
It's not a complicated interface.

1476
01:23:40,890 --> 01:23:41,970
It's invisible.

1477
01:23:42,370 --> 01:23:45,010
The internet is yet to evolve to that goal

1478
01:23:45,210 --> 01:23:47,090
I was hoping for of being invisible.

1479
01:23:47,970 --> 01:23:49,050
What's interesting about the internet

1480
01:23:49,210 --> 01:23:51,810
is what you're gonna build
on top of it for you and for me.

1481
01:23:51,930 --> 01:23:53,250
I call it the internet of me.

1482
01:23:53,370 --> 01:23:56,650
It is a world where when you walk into a room
the lights dim to your preference level.

1483
01:23:57,050 --> 01:23:58,930
You may have music that starts up.

1484
01:23:59,130 --> 01:24:01,730
It may even have complex
protocols for having to interact

1485
01:24:01,930 --> 01:24:03,610
with somebody else's internet of me.

1486
01:24:04,210 --> 01:24:05,250
That's interesting,

1487
01:24:05,370 --> 01:24:08,570
and the world that will emerge as a result,
eventually you won't even need phones.

1488
01:24:08,730 --> 01:24:12,490
The environment will be so wired that
your experience will be brought to you.

1489
01:24:12,690 --> 01:24:14,010
Your calls will be brought to you,

1490
01:24:14,170 --> 01:24:16,570
your advertising, your content, your work...

1491
01:24:16,730 --> 01:24:19,050
all of it will come with you.
That's an internet of me.

1492
01:24:21,690 --> 01:24:23,490
It is going to take a leap of thought,

1493
01:24:23,650 --> 01:24:27,650
a leap of courage... societally
for us to accept a generation

1494
01:24:27,850 --> 01:24:30,170
that's always had an egotistical world.

1495
01:24:30,450 --> 01:24:34,490
We tell children very often you have to
play with others, you have to share,

1496
01:24:34,650 --> 01:24:36,250
your worldview isn't unique.

1497
01:24:36,410 --> 01:24:39,410
But when the world, the objects in it
start to tell them that they are,

1498
01:24:39,570 --> 01:24:41,130
that they're different, that's egotistical.

1499
01:24:41,330 --> 01:24:42,570
But it will also be a magical world,

1500
01:24:42,770 --> 01:24:45,050
one where the wave of a
hand creates doors moving

1501
01:24:45,210 --> 01:24:46,730
and objects changing position.

1502
01:24:48,050 --> 01:24:51,450
Imagine a generation that's never known
anything else but that.

1503
01:24:51,930 --> 01:24:55,610
I deeply regret the fact
that deep critical thinking

1504
01:24:56,050 --> 01:24:58,770
and imaginative thinking,
that creative thinking is lost.

1505
01:24:59,290 --> 01:25:02,970
In my opinion, computers
and in some sense the internet

1506
01:25:03,290 --> 01:25:06,570
are the worst enemy
of deep critical thinking.

1507
01:25:07,890 --> 01:25:10,130
Youth of today are using machines

1508
01:25:10,330 --> 01:25:12,330
to basically replace

1509
01:25:12,730 --> 01:25:15,730
their examination
of the things they're observing.

1510
01:25:15,930 --> 01:25:17,570
They don't understand what they're looking at

1511
01:25:17,730 --> 01:25:19,250
or what they're hearing
or what they're learning.

1512
01:25:19,450 --> 01:25:22,090
They depend upon the internet
to tell them and decipher it.

1513
01:25:22,290 --> 01:25:24,570
They look at numbers instead of ideas.

1514
01:25:24,730 --> 01:25:27,810
They fail to understand concepts,
and this is a problem.

1515
01:25:28,130 --> 01:25:32,010
My hope would be there are still going to be

1516
01:25:32,570 --> 01:25:35,690
the appeal of deep immersion in something,

1517
01:25:35,890 --> 01:25:38,970
that through the school system
we still subject our kids to,

1518
01:25:39,170 --> 01:25:44,010
we can really to turn them onto its charms

1519
01:25:44,210 --> 01:25:47,850
so they become intrinsically
self-motivated to pursue it.

1520
01:25:48,090 --> 01:25:50,810
Whether we use science or ancient Greek

1521
01:25:50,970 --> 01:25:54,970
or philosophy,
it's those tools that are important.

1522
01:25:55,130 --> 01:25:57,890
Those are the things that people are
gonna be able to use in the future.

1523
01:25:58,050 --> 01:26:01,850
The actual information they learn in school
won't be important because it'll be dwarfed

1524
01:26:02,010 --> 01:26:05,370
by the information that's coming out
on the internet every single day.

1525
01:26:06,810 --> 01:26:09,770
Historians I think will also see
an interesting thing.

1526
01:26:09,970 --> 01:26:13,090
They'll probably call the time
around now the Digital Dark Age.

1527
01:26:13,250 --> 01:26:17,410
It will be very mysterious because
a lot of things happened quickly

1528
01:26:17,570 --> 01:26:19,650
but the records will all be lost.

1529
01:26:19,770 --> 01:26:22,930
We don't have the handwritten letters
like we have from, you know,

1530
01:26:23,130 --> 01:26:24,970
the founders of the Constitution,

1531
01:26:25,210 --> 01:26:28,250
The founding fathers.

1532
01:26:28,410 --> 01:26:29,970
We have their letters with each other.

1533
01:26:30,170 --> 01:26:32,690
We can see the sort of
background conversation

1534
01:26:32,890 --> 01:26:35,290
in creating the United States government.

1535
01:26:35,450 --> 01:26:37,530
We don't have the equivalent

1536
01:26:37,690 --> 01:26:40,490
for the background conversation
in creating the internet

1537
01:26:40,690 --> 01:26:42,610
because it was all done on email.

1538
01:26:42,810 --> 01:26:47,490
There's a playful project called
the Wikipedia Emergency Project

1539
01:26:47,650 --> 01:26:49,370
that if there's ever going to be possibly

1540
01:26:49,530 --> 01:26:52,250
a world changing event,
a big volcanic eruption,

1541
01:26:52,410 --> 01:26:56,970
Wikipedia volunteers are supposed to
start printing out Wikipedia pages madly

1542
01:26:57,170 --> 01:27:01,090
and storing the paper in places
that their heirs could find it later.

1543
01:27:24,250 --> 01:27:26,930
MWhat this scanner measures,
it's an MRI scanner,

1544
01:27:27,090 --> 01:27:29,970
and it measures magnetic resonance energy

1545
01:27:30,170 --> 01:27:31,770
that's emanating from the brain.

1546
01:27:31,930 --> 01:27:34,810
So it's really extra sensory.

1547
01:27:35,290 --> 01:27:39,010
It's precise enough to tell us
what activity is occurring

1548
01:27:39,170 --> 01:27:43,410
in each little volume element
the size of a peppercorn.

1549
01:27:43,610 --> 01:27:45,770
When you read a sentence that says

1550
01:27:45,970 --> 01:27:48,850
"There are two elephants
walking across the savanna"

1551
01:27:49,050 --> 01:27:51,890
a computer program can
tell that the same thought

1552
01:27:52,090 --> 01:27:53,890
is going on in your brain

1553
01:27:54,050 --> 01:27:57,290
whether you're watching the video
or reading the sentence.

1554
01:27:57,490 --> 01:27:59,330
At a conceptual level it's the same.

1555
01:27:59,450 --> 01:28:01,930
It's also the same for
people across languages.

1556
01:28:02,130 --> 01:28:05,850
There's a universality of
the alphabet of human thoughts

1557
01:28:06,010 --> 01:28:10,450
and it applies to the videos that Jack
Gallant and his colleagues have found

1558
01:28:10,650 --> 01:28:14,010
but also applies to spoken and written speech

1559
01:28:14,930 --> 01:28:16,850
and it crosses languages.

1560
01:28:17,050 --> 01:28:20,050
We have a vocabulary,
the brain has a vocabulary

1561
01:28:20,250 --> 01:28:21,810
and we're beginning to discover it.

1562
01:28:22,010 --> 01:28:24,250
Right now we need this
two million dollar machine

1563
01:28:24,410 --> 01:28:26,210
that weighs 16,000 pounds,

1564
01:28:26,370 --> 01:28:30,530
but you ask, in the future
will some genius biophysicist

1565
01:28:30,690 --> 01:28:33,810
invent a little cap or helmet that'll do it?

1566
01:28:33,970 --> 01:28:36,330
I think that that's likely.

1567
01:28:36,530 --> 01:28:38,730
The energy, the electromagnetic energy,

1568
01:28:38,930 --> 01:28:41,370
is just sitting there. It's sitting there.

1569
01:28:41,530 --> 01:28:43,730
So when you talk about telepathy...

1570
01:28:43,930 --> 01:28:48,490
telepathy is communication across a distance.

1571
01:28:48,690 --> 01:28:51,210
Well, we can already go a few millimeters

1572
01:28:51,410 --> 01:28:55,050
and it's just a matter of time
before we can go thousands of miles.

1573
01:28:55,250 --> 01:28:56,370
You could essentially,

1574
01:28:56,570 --> 01:29:00,410
in the not too distant
future, tweet thoughts.

1575
01:29:00,890 --> 01:29:04,330
So not type your little tweet, but think it,

1576
01:29:04,530 --> 01:29:05,730
press a button

1577
01:29:05,890 --> 01:29:09,370
and all your followers
could potentially read it.

1578
01:29:10,010 --> 01:29:13,170
Could you detect,
this woman who is passing by

1579
01:29:13,370 --> 01:29:16,250
and spots you, is just about
to fall in love with you?

1580
01:29:16,410 --> 01:29:19,170
Now that would be an innovation.
That would be the...

1581
01:29:19,770 --> 01:29:22,050
the killer application I guess you would say.

1582
01:29:22,810 --> 01:29:24,250
Well, I try not to make predictions

1583
01:29:24,450 --> 01:29:27,730
about anything less than two trillion
years from now for good reasons.

1584
01:29:27,890 --> 01:29:30,050
One is that no one will be able
to know if I'm wrong.

1585
01:29:30,810 --> 01:29:32,130
But that's one of the wonderful things

1586
01:29:32,290 --> 01:29:34,490
about the future is you don't
know where it's gonna go.

1587
01:29:34,650 --> 01:29:39,010
And the internet is, like most
results in science, out of control.

1588
01:29:39,130 --> 01:29:42,130
And if you think about predictions
about the future as done in the past,

1589
01:29:42,330 --> 01:29:43,530
they always miss the important stuff.

1590
01:29:43,730 --> 01:29:45,330
In fact, most science fiction

1591
01:29:45,530 --> 01:29:47,890
missed the most important thing
about the present world,

1592
01:29:48,090 --> 01:29:49,450
which is the internet itself.

1593
01:29:49,850 --> 01:29:51,050
They had flying cars,

1594
01:29:51,250 --> 01:29:52,490
they had rocket ships.

1595
01:29:52,690 --> 01:29:55,730
None of that exists,
but the internet governs our lives today.

1596
01:29:56,250 --> 01:29:59,050
It used to be that when
you communicated with someone

1597
01:29:59,250 --> 01:30:02,490
the person you were communicating with
was as important as the information.

1598
01:30:02,690 --> 01:30:05,650
Now on the internet,
the person isn't important at all.

1599
01:30:05,810 --> 01:30:08,130
In fact it was developed so that
scientists could communicate

1600
01:30:08,330 --> 01:30:10,450
scientists like me could
communicate with each other

1601
01:30:10,650 --> 01:30:13,850
without knowing where the other person
was or even who the other person was.

1602
01:30:14,010 --> 01:30:16,690
There's a famous cartoon from
The New Yorker which says

1603
01:30:16,890 --> 01:30:18,810
"On the internet no one
knows if you're a dog".

1604
01:30:19,130 --> 01:30:22,530
And in the future you won't know
if you're communicating with dogs

1605
01:30:22,770 --> 01:30:25,530
or robots or people, and it won't matter.

1606
01:30:25,730 --> 01:30:29,210
But becoming your own filter
will be the challenge of the future.

1607
01:30:29,370 --> 01:30:31,010
Because the filter isn't provided with you.

1608
01:30:31,170 --> 01:30:32,490
There's no controls on the internet.

1609
01:30:32,690 --> 01:30:35,730
No matter what governments do
or no matter what industries do,

1610
01:30:36,570 --> 01:30:40,410
the internet is gonna propagate...
out of control

1611
01:30:40,570 --> 01:30:43,210
and people will have to
be their own controls.

1612
01:30:44,090 --> 01:30:46,330
I think in the future, one next step

1613
01:30:46,490 --> 01:30:48,130
from computation to communication

1614
01:30:48,410 --> 01:30:51,250
will be to sensing and remote sensing.

1615
01:30:51,570 --> 01:30:53,730
And mind reading via the internet?

1616
01:30:53,890 --> 01:30:56,730
One of those sensors will
be brain imaging sensors.

1617
01:30:56,890 --> 01:30:59,510
And you will transmit thoughts?

1618
01:31:00,370 --> 01:31:01,570
The two of you.

1619
01:31:05,810 --> 01:31:09,690
Will our children's children's children
need the companionship of humans

1620
01:31:10,450 --> 01:31:13,210
or will they have evolved in a world
where that's not important?

1621
01:31:14,290 --> 01:31:18,290
It sounds awful, doesn't it?
But maybe it'll be fine.

1622
01:31:18,490 --> 01:31:20,290
Maybe the companionship of robots,

1623
01:31:20,450 --> 01:31:24,010
maybe the companionship of an
intelligent internet will be sufficient.

1624
01:31:24,210 --> 01:31:25,530
Who am I to say?

1625
01:31:34,970 --> 01:31:38,770
# I'm standin' on a corner shovel in my hand
I'm lookin' for a woman or a workin' man #

1626
01:31:38,930 --> 01:31:43,250
# Honey, let me be your salty dog
Oh, let me be your salty dog #

1627
01:31:43,410 --> 01:31:47,450
# I won't be your man at all
Honey, let me be your salty dog #

1628
01:31:48,530 --> 01:31:51,730
# Let me be your salty dog
I won't be your man at all #

1629
01:31:51,890 --> 01:31:54,090
# Honey, let me be your salty dog #

1630
01:31:54,490 --> 01:31:57,970
# Well, let me be your salty dog
I won't be your man at all #

1631
01:31:58,130 --> 01:32:00,450
# Honey, let me be your salty dog #

1632
01:32:02,810 --> 01:32:04,610
I want you do some pickin'
'cause I like that.