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(EXPLOSIONS)

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FEMALE NARRATOR: With World War II
in Europe drawing to a close,

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the three allied armies,
British, Soviet and American,

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began their move towards Berlin.

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(GUNFIRE)

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(EXPLOSION)

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Among their ranks were soldiers
newly trained as cameramen.

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In April 1945,
an advancing British unit

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halted by the river Aare,
Northern Germany.

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As events unfolded, they were recorded
by the army camera crews.

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LEONARD BERNEY: I think it was
about the 12th of April.

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Apparently, two German officers
approached our front line

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with a white flag asking
to speak to our General,

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and they were ushered through,
blindfolded actually,

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and taken to our corps headquarters
where I happened to be.

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And they had a message
from their General.

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The message was
that we were approaching,

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or probably going to approach

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a large civilian prison camp

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where typhus had broken out

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and their General wanted
to send a message

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to say that he didn't think
it was a good idea

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if we fought through that camp

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because those inmates
with typhus would get loose

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and would get amongst
the civilian population

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and the German army
and the British army.

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(INAUDIBLE)

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They pulled us out, up a track,

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and we had to hoist
a white flag of truce.

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(SCOFFING) This is... Out of nowhere
this has happened.

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We were sent under
the flag of truce,

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miles behind enemy lines.

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The Germans,
in fairness to them,

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on the road,
they all got off the road

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and they were all armed on the sides
of the roads as we were driving through.

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The more I think about it now,

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I'm amazed
that none of us opened fire.

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But in fairness to the Germans,

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not one of them fired
and not one of us fired either.

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NARRATOR: The British
camera crews continued to film.

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Their footage was to become part of
an extraordinary documentary

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produced for the Allies
by Sidney Bernstein

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with a team that included
the director Alfred Hitchcock.

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This film, called German
Concentration Camps Factual Survey,

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has been described as a forgotten
masterpiece of British documentary cinema.

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Yet it was abandoned,
unfinished,

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until now, 70 years later.

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(CAMERA WHIRRING)

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MALE NARRATOR:
In the spring of 1945,

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the Allies advancing
into the heart of Germany

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came to Bergen-Belsen.

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Neat and tidy orchards,

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well-stocked farms
lined the wayside.

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And the British soldier did not fail
to admire the place and its inhabitants.

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At least, until he began
to feel a smell.

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Then dawn came up.

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And then we could see where
the stench was coming from.

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I think one of
the first things we did

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was to line up all
the SS men and women

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and took them, made them
prisoners of war basically.

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The SS were still there.

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Josef Kramer was still there,

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the camp Commandant.

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I looked at the tower
and the tower was empty.

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And there was always
a German there with a shotgun

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or with whatever he had.

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And I started screaming,

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"The Germans are gone,
I don't see any Germans!"

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And some girls ran with me

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and we made it to the gate,

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and I am behind
a barbed wire fence

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to witness
the first British troop

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entering the camp.

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BERNEY: We had
a loudspeaker van with us.

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We went into the camp
to see what we could see,

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and of course
what we could see was

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a complete, utter shock,

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and I'll never forget it.

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SALINGER: Through a loudspeaker,
in different languages, they said,

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"Be calm, be calm, be calm.
Stay where you are.

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"Be calm. Help is on the way.

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"We are the British soldiers.
Help is on the way."

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And people went just crazy.

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(INAUDIBLE)

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ANITA LASKER-WALLFISCH:
It was an unbelievable moment.

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Suddenly you hear
English spoken.

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"We should remain calm, don't leave
the camp, help is on the way,"

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you know, that sort of thing.

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Yeah, it's very difficult to describe.
It was, you know...

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You've spent years
preparing yourself to die

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and suddenly you're still here,
you know. (CHUCKLES)

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I was 19 when
the Liberation came

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and, I mean, it was very difficult
to actually take on board.

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We thought we
were dreaming, really,

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and every British soldier
looked like a God to us.

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Yeah. Well, it was, uh...

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It was not what we expected,
to still be alive, but there we were.

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LEONARD: We didn't know what
we were going to go into.

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We were sent...

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Um, and then we drove...

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(VOICE BREAKS) Excuse me.

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Sorry about this.

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Too painful.

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(CAMERA WHIRRING)

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MALE NARRATOR: Dead prisoners
hurled out and stacked in twisted heaps.

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Dead women like marble statues
in the mire.

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This was what these inmates
had to live among,

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and die among.

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The dead which lay there
were not numbered in hundreds,

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but in thousands.

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Not one or two thousands,

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but 30,000.

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We drove in and saw a sight

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that shook us as nothing

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even the sights of war had
ever, ever, ever shown us before.

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It was pain to look at it,

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pain that this could
happen to people.

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There was hundreds
and hundreds of dead bodies

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sort of piled up.

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There were... There was a
stench of death everywhere.

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There were pits,
containing bodies of people

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as large as lawn tennis courts,

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containing babies, girls, youths,
men, women, old, young,

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and how deep, we didn't know.

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(CAMERA WHIRRING)

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WILLIAM LAWRIE: These half-dead
people walking about,

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glazed eyes and...

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Absolutely...

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Dead.

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There was hopelessness.

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The stare,

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the appalling smell,

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the whole atmosphere
of depression.

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Like the end had come.

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The bodies...
You lost contact with reality.

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They were dummies,
they were dolls, they were...

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I don't know whether
we ourselves

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withdrew into another

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space, time, existence,

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but you could never associate
what you were seeing

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with your own life,
if you know what I mean.

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This was something completely separate.
It was another world.

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I don't think...
If you had become too involved,

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I think you would probably
have gone mad.

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We were there for about two weeks,
filming all these sights,

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which no film which
I have seen since

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really conveys the feeling
of despair and horror

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that can be done to people

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who are Europeans
of another faith,

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for no other reason.

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And I thought as time went by
it might leave me.

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I wanted to forget.

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But it never does leave you.

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RICHARD DIMBLEBY: (ON RADIO)
I find it hard to describe adequately

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the horrible things
that I've seen and heard.

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But here, unadorned,
are the facts.

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I passed through the barrier and
found myself in the world of a nightmare.

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Dead bodies,
some of them in decay,

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lay strewn about the road
and along the rutted tracks.

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On each side of the road
were brown wooden huts.

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There were faces at the windows.

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The bony emaciated faces

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of starving women,
too weak to come outside,

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propping themselves
against the glass

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to see the daylight
before they die.

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And they were dying,
every hour and every minute.

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It was so horrific
that the BBC initially

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waited before they broadcast it,

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because they had doubts

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whether my father had actually

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accurately described
what he'd seen.

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And they checked
and then put it out.

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DAVID DIMBLEBY:
It's the moment when he describes,

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"People no longer behave
like human beings"

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that you realize
what he's actually saying,

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what the implied message
of this is.

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This isn't just Germany.

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This isn't just the people
in those camps.

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This could be any of you,
anywhere,

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if civilization breaks down
in this way.

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FEMALE NARRATOR: The day after
the report, Churchill declared,

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"No words can express
the horror which is felt

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"by His Majesty's government
and their principal allies

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"at the proofs
of these frightful crimes

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"now daily coming into view."

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The success of cinema
in the 1930s

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had underlined the power
of the moving image.

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Keen to exploit
its potential role in war,

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Britain and America set up
a joint film department.

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Its brief was to produce
short propaganda films,

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initially to support
the war effort,

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and later to assist the task

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of dealing with a defeated Germany
once the war was won.

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In Britain, this unit was headed
by leading film producer

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Sidney Bernstein.

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The day following
Churchill's statement,

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Bernstein set out
for Bergen-Belsen.

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By the time he arrived,
the army film cameramen

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had been at work for a week.

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The film shot at Bergen-Belsen
by the British cameramen

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reveal every level of humanity,

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to a much greater extent
than any other

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of the film evidence.

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It feels as if the whole

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human story is there.

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(INAUDIBLE)

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TOBY HAGGITH: They used the
camera in a very specific way.

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There was a...

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It began to be directed to collect
evidence, to gather evidence.

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So one of the difficulties
about filming an atrocity,

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is that, in order
to reveal that a person

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has been murdered or brutalized,

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what you have to do is
you have to reveal that

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by getting close to the person,

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because you have to show
the wounds,

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have to give some indication
of how they've been killed.

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Now, that went against
the tradition previously

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of combat cameramen,

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where they'd shied away
from representing

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00:17:21,140 --> 00:17:25,940
or recording scenes of people
who'd been killed or brutalized.

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FEMALE NARRATOR:
For Bernstein,

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00:17:30,480 --> 00:17:33,140
the visit to Bergen-Belsen
was galvanizing.

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00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:34,800
On his return to London

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he began planning
a full-length documentary.

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Its purpose was clear from guidelines
he issued to the allied cameramen.

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My instructions were to film

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everything which would
prove one day

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that this had actually happened.

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It'd be a lesson
to all mankind, as well.

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As to the Germans,

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the whole film that we
were putting together

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was designed to show
to the German people.

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Because most of them
on their way down,

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and on the troops' way down,

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had denied they knew anything
about the camps.

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This would be the evidence
which we could show them.

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(SHOUTING INDISTINCTLY)

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BERNSTEIN: First of all, I...

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I wanted them to record that all
the local bigwigs and people,

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00:18:37,520 --> 00:18:41,880
the municipal Burgomaster
and the like,

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00:18:41,940 --> 00:18:44,370
who lived within
a reasonable range,

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saw what was being done,

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00:18:48,500 --> 00:18:51,670
in burying these tragic figures.

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00:18:51,730 --> 00:18:53,620
(INDISTINCT SHOUTING
CONTINUES)

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Some of the Germans
we brought in to be filmed

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00:19:02,350 --> 00:19:05,620
when the bodies were
being buried in the pit,

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00:19:05,680 --> 00:19:08,590
just couldn't look anymore.

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I wanted to prove that they had
seen it, so there was evidence,

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because I guessed rightly that most
people would deny that it happened.

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FEMALE NARRATOR: Bernstein also
used footage of German SS officers

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00:19:30,640 --> 00:19:34,000
helping with the worst
of the tasks in the camp.

252
00:19:56,720 --> 00:19:59,860
MALE NARRATOR: There was an urgent need
to get rid of as many bodies as possible

253
00:19:59,920 --> 00:20:03,380
as quickly as possible,
so all the SS were set to work.

254
00:20:03,440 --> 00:20:05,550
(CHEERING)

255
00:20:12,530 --> 00:20:15,960
Five hundred Hungarian troops
captured with the SS

256
00:20:16,020 --> 00:20:18,290
were started on
a grave-digging operation.

257
00:20:37,520 --> 00:20:40,400
The SS themselves were made
to do the unpleasant job

258
00:20:40,470 --> 00:20:43,380
they had forced
the inmates to do.

259
00:20:43,440 --> 00:20:46,960
This, after all, was nothing
to these men.

260
00:20:47,030 --> 00:20:50,640
They, the Master Race,
had been taught to be hard.

261
00:20:50,710 --> 00:20:52,720
They could kill in cold blood,

262
00:20:52,790 --> 00:20:55,150
and it seemed, to the British soldier,
fit and proper

263
00:20:55,220 --> 00:20:59,190
that the killers should bury
the nameless, hopeless creatures

264
00:20:59,250 --> 00:21:01,110
they had starved to death.

265
00:21:07,630 --> 00:21:10,830
FEMALE NARRATOR: The army
film units had no sound equipment.

266
00:21:10,900 --> 00:21:13,170
It wasn't until
news teams arrived

267
00:21:13,230 --> 00:21:16,560
that Bernstein was able to
access some sound recordings.

268
00:21:18,580 --> 00:21:21,550
Today is the 24th
of April, 1945.

269
00:21:21,620 --> 00:21:23,950
My name is Gunner Illingworth,
and I live in Cheshire.

270
00:21:24,020 --> 00:21:28,050
I'm at present in Belsen camp doing
guard duty over the SS men.

271
00:21:28,110 --> 00:21:31,440
The things in this camp
are beyond describing.

272
00:21:31,510 --> 00:21:35,090
When you actually see them for yourselves,
you know what you're fighting for here.

273
00:21:35,150 --> 00:21:38,740
Pictures in the paper
cannot describe it at all.

274
00:21:38,800 --> 00:21:41,490
The things they
have committed, well,

275
00:21:41,550 --> 00:21:44,950
nobody'd think they
were human at all.

276
00:21:45,010 --> 00:21:50,130
We actually know now what
has been going on in these camps.

277
00:21:50,190 --> 00:21:53,360
And I know personally
what I'm fighting for.

278
00:22:24,210 --> 00:22:26,580
FEMALE NARRATOR:
Once Bernstein's documentary proposal

279
00:22:26,640 --> 00:22:30,000
had been approved by both British
and American governments,

280
00:22:30,070 --> 00:22:33,970
he hired perhaps the best-known
film editor in London,

281
00:22:34,030 --> 00:22:36,980
Stewart McAllister.

282
00:22:37,040 --> 00:22:40,690
Together, they began to assemble
the army film footage

283
00:22:40,750 --> 00:22:43,860
now arriving in the edit rooms.

284
00:22:43,920 --> 00:22:48,690
The deadline for completion
of the film was set at just three months.

285
00:22:52,210 --> 00:22:53,780
The news from Bergen-Belsen

286
00:22:53,840 --> 00:22:56,950
was not entirely a surprise
to the British government.

287
00:22:57,010 --> 00:23:00,400
Soviet intelligence had reported
uncovering concentration camps

288
00:23:00,470 --> 00:23:04,980
in Poland
as early as July, 1944.

289
00:23:05,040 --> 00:23:10,130
But as the Soviets had a record
of falsifying atrocity reports,

290
00:23:10,190 --> 00:23:13,490
the Allies ignored
their information.

291
00:23:13,560 --> 00:23:16,240
Now, in the light
of Bergen-Belsen,

292
00:23:16,310 --> 00:23:18,770
the British reconsidered,

293
00:23:18,830 --> 00:23:21,490
and Bernstein broadened
the scope of his film

294
00:23:21,550 --> 00:23:24,590
to include footage
from the Soviet camps.

295
00:23:25,620 --> 00:23:27,890
(SPEAKING IN RUSSIAN)

296
00:24:00,950 --> 00:24:03,730
(MATVEY GERSHMAN
SPEAKING IN RUSSIAN)

297
00:26:07,320 --> 00:26:11,190
FEMALE NARRATOR: The Soviets
discovered few living inmates at Majdanek.

298
00:26:11,250 --> 00:26:13,330
In the face
of the advancing troops,

299
00:26:13,390 --> 00:26:16,590
the Germans had begun emptying
their camps in Poland,

300
00:26:16,660 --> 00:26:21,650
sending prisoners westwards to camps
including Bergen-Belsen.

301
00:26:21,720 --> 00:26:26,520
The evidence filmed in Poland
became part of Bernstein's documentary.

302
00:26:44,150 --> 00:26:48,180
MALE NARRATOR: Prisoners paid
their own fares to Majdanek.

303
00:26:48,240 --> 00:26:50,450
They thought they were going
to new homes,

304
00:26:50,510 --> 00:26:54,260
and so they brought their most
precious portable possessions.

305
00:27:04,340 --> 00:27:07,410
They say dead men's boots
bring bad luck.

306
00:27:07,470 --> 00:27:09,330
What of dead children's toys?

307
00:27:11,830 --> 00:27:14,930
Their mothers
carried scissors perhaps.

308
00:27:14,990 --> 00:27:18,320
The scissors are here.
The mothers, no.

309
00:27:18,390 --> 00:27:21,010
But here in this room
is part of them.

310
00:27:21,070 --> 00:27:23,700
Nothing material could
be wasted.

311
00:27:23,760 --> 00:27:27,920
These packages contain human hair,
carefully sorted and weighed.

312
00:27:54,870 --> 00:27:56,370
Nothing was wasted.

313
00:27:56,430 --> 00:27:59,380
Even the teeth were
taken out of their mouths,

314
00:27:59,440 --> 00:28:01,590
by-products of the system.

315
00:28:08,430 --> 00:28:10,990
Toothbrushes, nail brushes,

316
00:28:12,790 --> 00:28:14,320
shoe brushes,

317
00:28:17,940 --> 00:28:19,730
shaving brushes.

318
00:28:22,610 --> 00:28:25,140
If one man in 10
wears spectacles,

319
00:28:25,200 --> 00:28:27,830
how many does
this heap represent?

320
00:28:32,080 --> 00:28:37,650
All these things belonged to men
and women and children like ourselves.

321
00:28:37,710 --> 00:28:41,200
Quite ordinary people,
from all parts of the world.

322
00:28:50,870 --> 00:28:54,480
FEMALE NARRATOR: The Soviet forces
carried on through the Polish winter

323
00:28:54,550 --> 00:28:57,200
to liberate another,
larger camp...

324
00:28:57,970 --> 00:28:59,120
Auschwitz.

325
00:29:02,770 --> 00:29:04,370
(WIND WHOOSHING)

326
00:29:12,110 --> 00:29:14,420
EVA MOZES KOR: I stood there
maybe 30 minutes.

327
00:29:14,480 --> 00:29:16,950
It was snowing heavily,
I couldn't see.

328
00:29:17,010 --> 00:29:20,470
And at a distance
I saw lots of people,

329
00:29:20,530 --> 00:29:26,000
and they were all wrapping themselves
in white camouflage raincoats.

330
00:29:26,070 --> 00:29:29,840
They were smiling
from ear to ear.

331
00:29:29,910 --> 00:29:31,890
And they didn't look
like the Nazis,

332
00:29:31,950 --> 00:29:34,710
which was
the most important part.

333
00:29:34,770 --> 00:29:36,590
We ran up to them,

334
00:29:36,660 --> 00:29:40,560
they gave us chocolate,
cookies and hugs.

335
00:29:40,630 --> 00:29:43,410
And this was my first taste
of freedom.

336
00:29:44,880 --> 00:29:48,400
We didn't have the strength
even, you know, to...

337
00:29:48,470 --> 00:29:52,020
To dance or what,
so we just feebly,

338
00:29:52,080 --> 00:29:55,250
very feebly started singing.

339
00:29:55,310 --> 00:29:56,720
(SNIFFLES)

340
00:29:57,940 --> 00:30:00,150
And we were so happy,
we were so happy

341
00:30:00,210 --> 00:30:03,990
that these angels came
from the heavens to liberate us.

342
00:30:14,670 --> 00:30:17,430
FEMALE NARRATOR: Unlike Bergen-Belsen,
which was a prison camp,

343
00:30:17,490 --> 00:30:23,220
Auschwitz was a slave labor camp
and a mass extermination center.

344
00:30:23,280 --> 00:30:26,100
Within its gas chambers,
more than a million

345
00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:30,390
men, women and children died.

346
00:30:30,450 --> 00:30:34,670
Their fate was usually determined
within minutes of their arrival.

347
00:30:45,010 --> 00:30:48,150
EVA: The cattle car doors
slid open,

348
00:30:48,210 --> 00:30:51,440
thousands of people
poured out from the cattle car.

349
00:30:51,510 --> 00:30:55,600
My father and two older sisters
disappeared in the crowd.

350
00:30:55,670 --> 00:30:57,970
Never ever did I see them again.

351
00:30:58,030 --> 00:31:00,080
As we were holding onto Mother,

352
00:31:00,150 --> 00:31:05,200
a Nazi was running,
yelling in German, "Twins! Twins!"

353
00:31:06,670 --> 00:31:11,030
A woman came up and she took
the little suitcase from my mother

354
00:31:11,090 --> 00:31:12,720
and she says,

355
00:31:12,790 --> 00:31:16,470
"Listen, are these two...
Are these two twins?"

356
00:31:17,140 --> 00:31:18,640
My mother said, "Yes."

357
00:31:18,710 --> 00:31:21,840
So she says,
"Why don't you say they're twins?

358
00:31:21,910 --> 00:31:26,740
"It's a good thing to have
twins here, in this place."

359
00:31:26,800 --> 00:31:29,140
The next time the Nazi came,

360
00:31:29,200 --> 00:31:33,040
my mother said,
"Here are my twins."

361
00:31:33,110 --> 00:31:37,490
They took us to Mengele
and Mengele looked at us.

362
00:31:37,550 --> 00:31:40,750
The Nazi said, "Here,
I found twins for you."

363
00:31:42,770 --> 00:31:45,140
FEMALE NARRATOR: Eva and Vera
were among the few survivors

364
00:31:45,200 --> 00:31:50,070
of Josef Mengele's infamously
cruel medical experiments.

365
00:31:50,130 --> 00:31:54,030
1,500 of his other victims
died at his hands.

366
00:31:58,480 --> 00:32:00,180
The Soviet army camera units

367
00:32:00,240 --> 00:32:03,860
did not arrive until a few days
after the first troops.

368
00:32:09,460 --> 00:32:11,570
(ALEXANDER VORONSTOV
SPEAKING IN RUSSIAN)

369
00:32:54,070 --> 00:32:56,340
(TOMY SHACHAM SPEAKING HEBREW)

370
00:33:21,460 --> 00:33:25,620
There came a...
There came a crew, a film crew...

371
00:33:27,410 --> 00:33:32,210
(STAMMERING)
...to film the inmates.

372
00:33:32,270 --> 00:33:33,780
Especially the twins.

373
00:33:36,240 --> 00:33:40,210
A soldier, a Russian soldier,
he was beckoning to me.

374
00:33:40,270 --> 00:33:45,200
He says, "Come, come, come.
Film, film, film."

375
00:33:45,270 --> 00:33:50,130
So they filmed us marching
between those two rows of barbed wires,

376
00:33:50,190 --> 00:33:54,350
and because Miriam and I had
the striped prison uniforms,

377
00:33:54,420 --> 00:33:56,340
we ended up in the front.

378
00:34:06,670 --> 00:34:09,200
MALE NARRATOR:
These children are twins.

379
00:34:09,270 --> 00:34:12,630
When identical twins were born
to non-German parents,

380
00:34:12,690 --> 00:34:16,910
they were confiscated and handed over
to an experimental station.

381
00:34:16,980 --> 00:34:21,750
German doctors injected them
with diseases and attempted cures.

382
00:34:21,810 --> 00:34:23,920
Success in the cure
was not important,

383
00:34:23,990 --> 00:34:26,990
as these children
were written off, unknown.

384
00:34:27,060 --> 00:34:31,310
They had no names, only numbers
tattooed on their arms.

385
00:34:38,960 --> 00:34:41,230
(SPEAKING HEBREW)

386
00:35:11,630 --> 00:35:14,420
FEMALE NARRATOR: Across Germany,
many more concentration camps

387
00:35:14,480 --> 00:35:16,080
were coming to light.

388
00:35:16,150 --> 00:35:18,990
The Allies recorded
the evidence on film.

389
00:35:19,060 --> 00:35:22,160
More material
for Bernstein's documentary.

390
00:35:29,490 --> 00:35:33,870
Three hundred kilometers southeast
of Bergen-Belsen, at Buchenwald,

391
00:35:33,940 --> 00:35:38,350
the Americans entered a camp
described as a prison and labor camp.

392
00:36:01,330 --> 00:36:07,060
ARTHUR MAINZER: I found out that the
Buchenwald camp was being liberated,

393
00:36:07,120 --> 00:36:09,430
so the captain
that I was working with,

394
00:36:09,490 --> 00:36:11,890
we hopped in and got a jeep
and we drove over

395
00:36:11,950 --> 00:36:15,030
to Buchenwald death camp,

396
00:36:15,090 --> 00:36:16,820
and I started filming there.

397
00:36:25,070 --> 00:36:26,990
MAINZER: It was shocking.
Yeah, it was,

398
00:36:27,060 --> 00:36:30,640
because the bodies of the
prisoners were stacked up.

399
00:36:30,710 --> 00:36:33,520
They were dead, you know,
and they were piled up.

400
00:36:38,480 --> 00:36:42,260
MALE NARRATOR: 55,000 of them
died because of this place.

401
00:36:42,320 --> 00:36:44,980
Here, Schoker,
the camp Commandant said,

402
00:36:45,040 --> 00:36:50,770
"I want at least 600 Jewish deaths
reported in the camp office every day."

403
00:36:50,830 --> 00:36:54,030
Thugs were appointed as
overseers or block leaders.

404
00:36:54,100 --> 00:36:56,820
People were tattooed across
the belly with slave numbers

405
00:36:56,880 --> 00:36:59,730
and forced to work
on starvation diet.

406
00:37:03,670 --> 00:37:06,990
People were coldly
and systematically tortured.

407
00:37:21,460 --> 00:37:23,760
We would receive a report

408
00:37:23,830 --> 00:37:29,650
that strange groups of people
had been seen on a road.

409
00:37:29,710 --> 00:37:31,630
They seemed to be wearing

410
00:37:31,700 --> 00:37:35,470
some kind of a pajama, and they all
looked like they were dying.

411
00:37:38,030 --> 00:37:41,680
The ones who were seen on the road
were those who were still alive.

412
00:37:41,750 --> 00:37:46,000
Those who couldn't walk
were lying dead on the ground.

413
00:37:46,070 --> 00:37:47,380
Everybody has seen the barracks.

414
00:37:47,440 --> 00:37:49,970
I don't want to go
into the details.

415
00:37:50,030 --> 00:37:52,690
It's a little difficult
for me to do that.

416
00:37:52,750 --> 00:37:55,510
But you couldn't tell
if they were dead or alive.

417
00:37:55,570 --> 00:38:00,750
You'd step over a body and it would
suddenly wave at you or raise a hand.

418
00:38:01,780 --> 00:38:04,400
Total chaos. Dysentery,

419
00:38:05,110 --> 00:38:06,640
typhoid,

420
00:38:06,710 --> 00:38:09,360
all kinds of diseases
in the camp.

421
00:38:09,430 --> 00:38:10,480
Um...

422
00:38:11,860 --> 00:38:13,170
Putrid.

423
00:38:14,100 --> 00:38:16,880
It really...
The smell of the camps,

424
00:38:16,950 --> 00:38:18,610
the crematoria were still going,

425
00:38:18,670 --> 00:38:22,710
the dead bodies piled up like
cordwood in front of the crematorium.

426
00:38:25,270 --> 00:38:26,990
It's hard to imagine

427
00:38:28,980 --> 00:38:30,870
for a normal human mind.

428
00:38:32,820 --> 00:38:35,510
I had peered into hell
and that's...

429
00:38:44,400 --> 00:38:47,630
It's not something
you quickly forget,

430
00:38:50,480 --> 00:38:52,950
and it's a little hard for me
to describe.

431
00:39:10,510 --> 00:39:11,860
(CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS)

432
00:39:25,140 --> 00:39:26,360
FEMALE NARRATOR:
Some of the American crews

433
00:39:26,390 --> 00:39:28,340
were beginning to use
color film.

434
00:39:28,400 --> 00:39:31,350
Although, as it was sent
for processing to America,

435
00:39:31,410 --> 00:39:34,190
it wasn't included
in Bernstein's film.

436
00:39:40,240 --> 00:39:44,430
When color came out, that was
the start of 1945, in January.

437
00:39:44,500 --> 00:39:47,090
We were the first unit
to start using color film.

438
00:39:47,150 --> 00:39:49,810
Up to that point
it was black and white.

439
00:39:49,870 --> 00:39:51,280
And it was 35 millimeter.

440
00:39:51,350 --> 00:39:55,190
But when color came out,
it was 16 millimeter movie.

441
00:39:55,250 --> 00:39:56,950
That was sent to the processors,

442
00:39:57,010 --> 00:40:00,020
and then they would enlarge it
for showing in theaters,

443
00:40:00,080 --> 00:40:03,030
newsreel theaters were showing
this stuff in the States.

444
00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:35,190
We covered the people that were
living in a town called Weimar,

445
00:40:35,250 --> 00:40:37,170
and they were paraded
through this camp

446
00:40:37,230 --> 00:40:40,430
to show the death scenes
and the bodies stacked up,

447
00:40:40,500 --> 00:40:43,090
and the ovens where, you know,

448
00:40:43,150 --> 00:40:46,160
the prisoners were put in.

449
00:40:46,230 --> 00:40:49,650
So I covered a lot of that
with Captain Carter.

450
00:40:49,710 --> 00:40:51,990
And we shot a lot of coverage.

451
00:41:27,790 --> 00:41:30,930
MALE NARRATOR: German citizens
were brought in from Weimar.

452
00:41:30,990 --> 00:41:33,110
They had to see, too,

453
00:41:33,170 --> 00:41:35,790
to see what
they had been fighting for

454
00:41:35,860 --> 00:41:37,970
and we had been
fighting against.

455
00:41:40,270 --> 00:41:44,470
They came cheerfully like sightseers
to a chamber of horrors.

456
00:41:44,530 --> 00:41:47,600
For here, indeed,
were some real horrors.

457
00:41:52,340 --> 00:41:55,700
These shrunken heads belonged
to two Polish prisoners

458
00:41:55,760 --> 00:41:58,160
who'd escaped
and been recaptured.

459
00:42:02,610 --> 00:42:04,630
Some of the visitors
did not care for the sight

460
00:42:04,690 --> 00:42:07,150
and were assisted
by ex-prisoners.

461
00:42:07,220 --> 00:42:09,180
They had been aware
of the camp and had been willing

462
00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:12,150
to make use of the cheap labor
it provided

463
00:42:12,210 --> 00:42:14,930
as long as they were
beyond smelling range of it.

464
00:42:18,230 --> 00:42:20,560
FEMALE NARRATOR:
The Supreme Commander in Europe,

465
00:42:20,630 --> 00:42:22,000
General Eisenhower,

466
00:42:22,070 --> 00:42:24,500
came to the camps
to see for himself,

467
00:42:24,560 --> 00:42:26,960
telling accompanying reporters,

468
00:42:27,030 --> 00:42:29,550
"We are told
that the American soldier

469
00:42:29,620 --> 00:42:32,790
"does not know
what he is fighting for.

470
00:42:32,850 --> 00:42:37,110
"Now at least he will know
what he is fighting against."

471
00:42:39,600 --> 00:42:42,480
Eisenhower arranged
for journalists, Senators,

472
00:42:42,550 --> 00:42:45,360
Congressmen and a British
parliamentary delegation

473
00:42:45,430 --> 00:42:49,010
to visit the camp and publicize
their findings at home.

474
00:42:59,950 --> 00:43:01,520
Towards the end of April,

475
00:43:01,590 --> 00:43:04,050
the Americans, moving close
to the city of Munich,

476
00:43:04,110 --> 00:43:06,770
entered and filmed another camp.

477
00:43:06,830 --> 00:43:08,590
The footage was sent to London,

478
00:43:08,660 --> 00:43:11,700
where it was viewed
in the processing laboratory.

479
00:43:17,620 --> 00:43:22,130
One morning, sitting there
waiting for rushes,

480
00:43:22,190 --> 00:43:25,230
we got a dope sheet which had
the name of the cameramen,

481
00:43:26,030 --> 00:43:28,430
how much film had been shot,

482
00:43:28,500 --> 00:43:30,800
and we looked and there was
an enormous amount of film,

483
00:43:30,870 --> 00:43:32,210
much more than usual.

484
00:43:32,270 --> 00:43:34,900
And at the top of the dope sheet

485
00:43:34,960 --> 00:43:40,950
was a name which was totally
unfamiliar to all of us.

486
00:43:41,010 --> 00:43:44,690
It was spelt D-A-C-H-A-U.

487
00:43:44,750 --> 00:43:47,060
And we didn't know
what the hell that was,

488
00:43:47,120 --> 00:43:49,110
whether it was initials
or anything.

489
00:43:50,070 --> 00:43:51,440
But we soon found out,

490
00:43:51,510 --> 00:43:54,740
because once they started
screening this material,

491
00:43:56,590 --> 00:43:58,710
it was like looking into

492
00:43:59,730 --> 00:44:03,280
the most appalling
hell possible.

493
00:44:03,350 --> 00:44:05,330
And especially in negative,

494
00:44:07,510 --> 00:44:10,420
where the blacks were white
and the whites were black.

495
00:44:13,420 --> 00:44:16,370
There was a grotesqueness
to it anyway,

496
00:44:16,430 --> 00:44:20,370
but to see it in negative
was shattering.

497
00:44:21,680 --> 00:44:25,780
And there was four hours
of this without break.

498
00:44:25,840 --> 00:44:27,760
None of us wanted to break.

499
00:44:28,820 --> 00:44:31,380
And to see
these piles of bodies,

500
00:44:32,620 --> 00:44:35,830
these rooms stacked with bodies,

501
00:44:35,890 --> 00:44:38,740
and there was what looked like

502
00:44:38,800 --> 00:44:42,290
a giant barbecue
made out of railway sleepers,

503
00:44:45,230 --> 00:44:47,160
which, an attempt had been
made to burn the bodies,

504
00:44:47,190 --> 00:44:51,990
obviously before
the Americans arrived,

505
00:44:52,050 --> 00:44:56,590
to try and lessen the...
Lessen the atrocities, but...

506
00:44:58,930 --> 00:45:01,490
None of us, none of us,
could talk,

507
00:45:01,550 --> 00:45:04,340
and I think each one
of us was hoping

508
00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:07,950
that we were not going to be the ones
who were going to cut it.

509
00:45:23,760 --> 00:45:25,590
When it was over,

510
00:45:25,650 --> 00:45:29,650
we sat absolutely still,

511
00:45:29,710 --> 00:45:31,630
and nobody smoked,
nobody could talk.

512
00:45:31,700 --> 00:45:35,830
We had no idea what had been
going on in these camps.

513
00:45:42,000 --> 00:45:44,820
FEMALE NARRATOR: Richard Crossman,
German expert and writer,

514
00:45:44,880 --> 00:45:47,890
was a member of the Psychological
Warfare Division in London,

515
00:45:47,950 --> 00:45:51,120
and was sent to report on
the situation in Dachau.

516
00:45:52,180 --> 00:45:53,910
His experience there

517
00:45:53,970 --> 00:45:57,300
was later to inform his final script
for Bernstein's film.

518
00:45:58,510 --> 00:46:00,630
(TYPEWRITER KEYS CLACKING)

519
00:46:13,550 --> 00:46:15,070
MALE NARRATOR:
"In the last three months,

520
00:46:15,090 --> 00:46:19,380
"official records show
that 10,615 people

521
00:46:19,440 --> 00:46:21,870
"were disposed of here.

522
00:46:21,940 --> 00:46:23,510
"Their clothes were turned over

523
00:46:23,570 --> 00:46:26,930
"to the Deutsche Textil und
Beckleichungwerke G.m.b.H.,

524
00:46:26,990 --> 00:46:30,770
"a private corporation, whose
stockholders were SS officials,

525
00:46:30,830 --> 00:46:33,040
"which reclaimed and repaired
the garments

526
00:46:33,110 --> 00:46:35,600
"with the use of unpaid
prison labor,

527
00:46:35,660 --> 00:46:38,740
"and then resold them
to the camp clothing depot

528
00:46:38,800 --> 00:46:40,430
"for the use of
new prisoners."

529
00:46:55,990 --> 00:46:59,700
The prisoners arrived often
in railway trucks,

530
00:46:59,760 --> 00:47:03,120
but there'd been no hurry
to unload this one.

531
00:47:03,190 --> 00:47:05,200
They went away
leaving the prisoners to die

532
00:47:05,260 --> 00:47:08,270
of hunger and cold, and typhus.

533
00:47:10,290 --> 00:47:11,830
We found them like this,

534
00:47:11,890 --> 00:47:15,980
frozen stiff in the snow
alongside a public road.

535
00:47:16,050 --> 00:47:18,900
By some miracle,
17 men were still alive.

536
00:47:20,240 --> 00:47:23,660
All the rest, about 3,000,
were dead.

537
00:47:32,240 --> 00:47:35,920
Germans knew about Dachau,
but did not care.

538
00:47:49,650 --> 00:47:51,280
FEMALE NARRATOR:
By the beginning of May,

539
00:47:51,340 --> 00:47:54,420
the scope of Bernstein's
documentary had expanded.

540
00:47:54,480 --> 00:47:56,140
He wanted a director,

541
00:47:56,210 --> 00:47:59,700
and his thoughts turned to
his friend Alfred Hitchcock,

542
00:47:59,760 --> 00:48:02,420
already a major Hollywood name.

543
00:48:11,250 --> 00:48:14,450
Alfred Hitchcock
was an eminent director

544
00:48:14,510 --> 00:48:18,030
and I thought he,
a brilliant man,

545
00:48:20,300 --> 00:48:25,140
would have some ideas
how we could tie it all together.

546
00:48:25,970 --> 00:48:28,400
And he had.

547
00:48:28,470 --> 00:48:31,090
FEMALE NARRATOR:
Hitchcock was fully committed in America

548
00:48:31,150 --> 00:48:33,390
and not immediately available,

549
00:48:33,460 --> 00:48:35,440
but he agreed
to join the film later

550
00:48:35,500 --> 00:48:37,780
as its supervising director.

551
00:48:37,840 --> 00:48:40,500
It was to be his only known
documentary work.

552
00:48:43,990 --> 00:48:45,750
(SEAGULLS SQUAWKING)

553
00:48:45,810 --> 00:48:47,980
ALFRED HITCHCOCK:
I left America

554
00:48:48,050 --> 00:48:52,340
to go to England to do
some war work.

555
00:48:52,400 --> 00:48:55,570
I had felt that I needed

556
00:48:55,630 --> 00:48:59,860
at least to make
some contribution.

557
00:48:59,920 --> 00:49:03,030
There wasn't any question
of military service.

558
00:49:03,090 --> 00:49:06,510
I was overage
and overweight at that time,

559
00:49:06,580 --> 00:49:09,100
but nevertheless
I felt the urge,

560
00:49:10,830 --> 00:49:14,000
and my friend Bernstein,

561
00:49:14,060 --> 00:49:17,740
who was the head
of the film section

562
00:49:17,810 --> 00:49:21,010
of the British Ministry
of Information,

563
00:49:21,070 --> 00:49:24,660
he arranged for me to go over.

564
00:49:29,330 --> 00:49:31,340
(ALL CHEERING)

565
00:49:50,640 --> 00:49:53,460
FEMALE NARRATOR: Before Hitchcock
could join the Bernstein team,

566
00:49:53,520 --> 00:49:56,790
the Allies declared victory
in Europe.

567
00:49:56,850 --> 00:49:58,670
It was the end of the war,

568
00:49:58,740 --> 00:50:01,810
but the challenges of dealing
with the peace were just beginning.

569
00:50:04,080 --> 00:50:06,510
In the concentration camps,
a huge relief effort

570
00:50:06,580 --> 00:50:10,030
was continuing among the many
thousands of stranded inmates.

571
00:50:10,100 --> 00:50:11,540
In Bergen-Belsen,

572
00:50:11,600 --> 00:50:13,740
army cameramen
were still filming

573
00:50:13,810 --> 00:50:16,500
and sending their material
back to London.

574
00:50:24,340 --> 00:50:27,540
BRANKO LUSTIG: I was...
Had a big temperature,

575
00:50:27,600 --> 00:50:31,730
a fever,
because I get typhus and...

576
00:50:31,790 --> 00:50:34,100
And I was thinking,
"I am dying."

577
00:50:35,030 --> 00:50:37,330
I was thinking, "I've died."

578
00:50:37,390 --> 00:50:41,910
Because there was
a music coming,

579
00:50:41,970 --> 00:50:44,980
and I think it was the pipes
of the Scottish.

580
00:50:45,040 --> 00:50:47,250
I think in front of the Brits,

581
00:50:47,310 --> 00:50:51,920
there went a Scottish brigade
with pipes,

582
00:50:51,980 --> 00:50:54,260
and there was music
I'd never heard.

583
00:50:54,900 --> 00:50:56,690
I haven't seen them,

584
00:50:56,750 --> 00:50:59,630
because I cannot
go up to the window,

585
00:50:59,700 --> 00:51:01,200
but I heard them,

586
00:51:01,270 --> 00:51:05,840
and I was thinking that
I heard so many about angels

587
00:51:05,910 --> 00:51:08,750
and how they're singing
and making music,

588
00:51:08,820 --> 00:51:11,510
and I was thinking,
"I'm in heaven."

589
00:51:18,510 --> 00:51:22,000
It was amazing how quickly
those poor people

590
00:51:22,070 --> 00:51:24,400
who were reduced
to almost animal status,

591
00:51:24,460 --> 00:51:27,990
how they came back to
being human again.

592
00:51:28,050 --> 00:51:30,830
And some of the girls, women,

593
00:51:30,900 --> 00:51:33,680
who really were
in a terrible state,

594
00:51:33,750 --> 00:51:36,630
quite soon started to
dress themselves up a bit

595
00:51:36,690 --> 00:51:37,820
and clean themselves up a bit,

596
00:51:37,840 --> 00:51:39,340
get their hair done a little bit

597
00:51:39,410 --> 00:51:41,550
and get back to being
normal humans again.

598
00:51:41,620 --> 00:51:43,410
It happened amazingly quickly,

599
00:51:43,470 --> 00:51:45,710
within two or three weeks,
I suppose.

600
00:51:45,780 --> 00:51:47,860
These people began
to become human again.

601
00:51:47,920 --> 00:51:50,380
And they'd been...
They had been completely dehumanized,

602
00:51:50,450 --> 00:51:51,990
there's no question about that.

603
00:51:53,490 --> 00:51:55,100
FEMALE NARRATOR:
As they logged their shots,

604
00:51:55,120 --> 00:51:56,660
the army cameramen made notes

605
00:51:56,720 --> 00:51:58,870
on what were known
as dope sheets.

606
00:51:59,890 --> 00:52:01,300
(TYPEWRITER KEYS CLACKING)

607
00:52:01,360 --> 00:52:03,380
One of them commented,

608
00:52:03,440 --> 00:52:04,850
"It is interesting to note

609
00:52:04,910 --> 00:52:07,120
"that as soon as the first
primitive necessities

610
00:52:07,180 --> 00:52:10,350
"of food and rest
and warmth had been met,

611
00:52:10,420 --> 00:52:12,980
"the patients,
particularly the women,

612
00:52:13,040 --> 00:52:16,050
"were immediately crying out
for clothes.

613
00:52:16,110 --> 00:52:18,830
"Clothes became
a medical necessity,

614
00:52:18,900 --> 00:52:23,540
"a powerful tonic against
the dangerous apathy of the very weak."

615
00:52:35,570 --> 00:52:36,780
Uniquely,

616
00:52:36,850 --> 00:52:41,010
Bernstein's film documented
the healing process.

617
00:52:52,660 --> 00:52:54,930
MALE NARRATOR: Clothes
was another urgent problem,

618
00:52:54,990 --> 00:52:57,740
so an outfitting department
was set up,

619
00:52:57,810 --> 00:53:01,110
and clothes gathered from
shops in the surrounding towns

620
00:53:01,170 --> 00:53:04,530
were soon being tried on
and gossiped over,

621
00:53:04,590 --> 00:53:06,320
as women love to do.

622
00:53:31,340 --> 00:53:33,650
FEMALE NARRATOR:
In late June 1945,

623
00:53:33,710 --> 00:53:35,950
Hitchcock,
released from Hollywood,

624
00:53:36,020 --> 00:53:40,020
at last arrived in London
to start work with Bernstein.

625
00:53:40,080 --> 00:53:42,830
The Americans had been slow
in sending their footage,

626
00:53:42,900 --> 00:53:46,350
but despite this,
the film was taking shape.

627
00:53:48,210 --> 00:53:51,280
Hitchcock's visit
was short but intense.

628
00:53:51,340 --> 00:53:55,950
After seeing the footage, he returned
to the London hotel, Claridge's.

629
00:53:56,020 --> 00:53:58,420
There, he made a series
of proposals

630
00:53:58,480 --> 00:54:00,500
for the completion of the film.

631
00:54:00,560 --> 00:54:03,380
And I can remember him
strolling up and down

632
00:54:03,440 --> 00:54:06,420
in this suite in Claridge's
and saying,

633
00:54:06,480 --> 00:54:08,270
"How can we make
that convincing?"

634
00:54:09,940 --> 00:54:12,850
We tried to make shots
as long as possible,

635
00:54:12,910 --> 00:54:14,900
use panning shots

636
00:54:14,960 --> 00:54:18,480
so that there was no
possibility of trickery.

637
00:54:18,540 --> 00:54:23,950
And going from respected
dignitaries or high churchmen

638
00:54:24,020 --> 00:54:26,420
straight to the bodies
and corpses

639
00:54:26,480 --> 00:54:28,460
so it couldn't be suggested

640
00:54:28,530 --> 00:54:31,220
that we were faking the film.

641
00:54:35,120 --> 00:54:37,300
FEMALE NARRATOR:
Hitchcock was struck by the contrast

642
00:54:37,360 --> 00:54:40,590
between the normal lives
of Germans living near the camps

643
00:54:40,660 --> 00:54:42,860
and the nightmare within.

644
00:54:42,930 --> 00:54:46,960
He suggested using maps to
highlight how close they were.

645
00:54:47,730 --> 00:54:48,750
Alfred Hitchcock's...

646
00:54:48,820 --> 00:54:50,800
One of his contributions
to the film

647
00:54:50,860 --> 00:54:52,820
is that he had a particular
conceptualization

648
00:54:52,880 --> 00:54:53,940
of those maps.

649
00:54:54,000 --> 00:54:55,540
He also thought
they were very important.

650
00:54:55,600 --> 00:54:57,360
Because he said,
"Not only should they show

651
00:54:57,430 --> 00:55:00,240
"that the sites of atrocity
or the concentration camps

652
00:55:00,310 --> 00:55:02,320
"were close
to population centers,

653
00:55:02,380 --> 00:55:05,010
"they should do so on a map
that was very simple

654
00:55:05,070 --> 00:55:07,150
"and it should be
like a school's atlas."

655
00:55:16,400 --> 00:55:18,450
We wanted to know
whether the Germans

656
00:55:18,510 --> 00:55:22,610
surrounding a concentration camp
knew about it.

657
00:55:22,670 --> 00:55:25,680
So Hitch did this drawing,
circles,

658
00:55:25,740 --> 00:55:27,500
one mile from the camp,

659
00:55:27,570 --> 00:55:29,740
two miles from the camp,
10 miles from the camp,

660
00:55:29,810 --> 00:55:31,380
20 miles from the camp.

661
00:55:31,440 --> 00:55:34,580
His idea was show the area

662
00:55:34,640 --> 00:55:36,590
surrounding each camp

663
00:55:37,520 --> 00:55:39,020
and show how people had led

664
00:55:39,090 --> 00:55:40,720
a normal life outside.

665
00:55:42,480 --> 00:55:46,160
MALE NARRATOR: Ebensee is
a holiday resort in the mountains.

666
00:55:47,180 --> 00:55:49,330
The air is clean and pure.

667
00:55:50,160 --> 00:55:51,980
It cures sickness,

668
00:55:52,050 --> 00:55:54,290
and there is a sweetness
about the place,

669
00:55:54,860 --> 00:55:56,620
a gentle peace.

670
00:56:10,860 --> 00:56:12,530
In this place, the Luftwaffe

671
00:56:12,590 --> 00:56:16,690
or SS Panzer officer
on leave relaxes,

672
00:56:16,750 --> 00:56:19,860
eats well, breathes deeply,

673
00:56:19,920 --> 00:56:22,190
finds romance.

674
00:56:22,260 --> 00:56:25,260
Everything is
charming and picturesque.

675
00:56:25,330 --> 00:56:26,770
(INAUDIBLE)

676
00:56:29,940 --> 00:56:31,820
But the concentration camp
had become

677
00:56:31,890 --> 00:56:35,310
an integral part of
the German economic system.

678
00:56:35,380 --> 00:56:36,690
So it was here, too.

679
00:56:38,260 --> 00:56:40,110
Able to see the mountains,

680
00:56:40,180 --> 00:56:42,800
but what use are mountains
without food?

681
00:56:48,400 --> 00:56:51,060
FEMALE NARRATOR:
Even as Hitchcock and Bernstein worked,

682
00:56:51,120 --> 00:56:55,570
events in postwar Europe
were developing in unexpected directions.

683
00:56:58,800 --> 00:57:04,140
In many of the camps, thousands
of survivors remained, marooned.

684
00:57:04,210 --> 00:57:06,450
BERNEY: Now we were
faced with,

685
00:57:06,510 --> 00:57:10,580
in Belsen anyway, over 20,000
who refused to go.

686
00:57:10,640 --> 00:57:15,250
And the same situation occurred
to other, um, concentration camps

687
00:57:15,310 --> 00:57:19,310
and slave labor all over
the British part of Germany,

688
00:57:19,380 --> 00:57:22,100
and the American part
of Germany, too.

689
00:57:22,160 --> 00:57:23,380
So, all of a sudden

690
00:57:23,440 --> 00:57:25,390
we had another
big problem on our hands,

691
00:57:25,460 --> 00:57:26,450
how to handle

692
00:57:26,510 --> 00:57:29,330
this humanitarian
disaster situation?

693
00:57:33,840 --> 00:57:36,460
MENACHEM ROSENSAFT:
I was born in Bergen-Belsen,

694
00:57:36,530 --> 00:57:38,670
in the displaced persons' camp.

695
00:57:38,740 --> 00:57:42,610
Both my parents were
liberated at Belsen.

696
00:57:42,670 --> 00:57:48,980
My mother put together a team to work
alongside the British medical personnel

697
00:57:49,040 --> 00:57:51,280
to try and save
as many as possible

698
00:57:51,340 --> 00:57:56,270
of the thousands
of critically ill survivors.

699
00:57:56,340 --> 00:57:57,650
At the same time,

700
00:57:57,710 --> 00:58:01,490
my father emerged as the leader,

701
00:58:01,550 --> 00:58:05,970
the political leader
of the survivors.

702
00:58:06,030 --> 00:58:09,900
Most of them did not want to
go back to their country of origin,

703
00:58:09,970 --> 00:58:14,900
but wanted to go settle
in Palestine or elsewhere.

704
00:58:14,960 --> 00:58:17,650
The United States,
Canada and the like.

705
00:58:17,710 --> 00:58:22,900
BERNEY: And apparently
the American answer was definitely no.

706
00:58:22,960 --> 00:58:24,880
"We're not taking
any ex-prisoners in.

707
00:58:24,940 --> 00:58:28,530
"We've got problems
of our own."

708
00:58:28,590 --> 00:58:30,590
Britain said, "No, there's
no way we're going to take

709
00:58:30,610 --> 00:58:33,170
"hundreds of thousands
of these homeless,

710
00:58:33,230 --> 00:58:35,470
"stateless people in."

711
00:58:37,740 --> 00:58:39,860
So, that was the situation.

712
00:58:39,920 --> 00:58:42,860
And so now, of course,
I am in heaven.

713
00:58:42,930 --> 00:58:47,380
I am free. I am in Germany,
but I am free.

714
00:58:47,440 --> 00:58:49,710
I can go anywhere I want to.

715
00:58:49,780 --> 00:58:54,510
And I'm thinking to myself,
"Do I go back to Poland?"

716
00:58:54,580 --> 00:58:58,960
It was so bad in Poland,
so bad for Jews.

717
00:58:59,020 --> 00:59:03,020
"Do I want to go back
to Poland? But where do I go?"

718
00:59:03,090 --> 00:59:05,900
And I hear about, at that time,

719
00:59:05,970 --> 00:59:10,000
about Palestine, about Israel,

720
00:59:10,060 --> 00:59:12,620
and I said,
"Those are my hopes."

721
00:59:14,640 --> 00:59:17,550
FEMALE NARRATOR: During May,
June, and July,

722
00:59:17,620 --> 00:59:19,410
many Jewish survivors,

723
00:59:19,470 --> 00:59:22,100
ignoring the views
of the British government,

724
00:59:22,160 --> 00:59:23,540
went to Palestine,

725
00:59:23,600 --> 00:59:26,060
where they found themselves
either turned back

726
00:59:26,130 --> 00:59:29,200
or interned in camps.

727
00:59:29,260 --> 00:59:32,300
The situation of the survivors
was a complicating element

728
00:59:32,370 --> 00:59:35,700
in a rapidly-changing
postwar political climate.

729
00:59:37,680 --> 00:59:40,460
ROSENSAFT: Look, the, uh,

730
00:59:40,530 --> 00:59:44,690
so-called Hitchcock film,
or the Bernstein film,

731
00:59:44,750 --> 00:59:49,140
uh, was made
with the best of intentions

732
00:59:49,200 --> 00:59:54,860
and, at a given point,
became a political inconvenience.

733
00:59:54,930 --> 00:59:58,000
It would have evoked
strong sympathy

734
00:59:58,060 --> 01:00:03,470
on the part of the average
person seeing the film,

735
01:00:03,540 --> 01:00:06,800
of doing something
to help these people,

736
01:00:06,860 --> 01:00:09,970
and certainly film
that was put together

737
01:00:10,030 --> 01:00:12,460
with the genius of a Hitchcock

738
01:00:12,530 --> 01:00:17,390
would undermine their
own political position.

739
01:00:17,460 --> 01:00:19,440
At this time the Brits
had enough problems

740
01:00:19,500 --> 01:00:20,940
with the Jews already.

741
01:00:21,550 --> 01:00:23,630
And, uh...

742
01:00:23,700 --> 01:00:27,950
And if people would have
been shown this movie,

743
01:00:28,020 --> 01:00:32,110
maybe people will say,
"Why the British don't let these people,

744
01:00:32,180 --> 01:00:35,700
"that have suffered so much?
Let them have their land."

745
01:00:37,100 --> 01:00:38,710
FEMALE NARRATOR:
Britain's wartime coalition

746
01:00:38,740 --> 01:00:41,780
was confronting other,
more major problems.

747
01:00:41,840 --> 01:00:46,290
A defeated and destroyed Germany,
divided among the Allies,

748
01:00:46,350 --> 01:00:50,450
had now become
the responsibility of the victors.

749
01:00:50,510 --> 01:00:54,220
As the nation most heavily involved
in the task of reconstruction,

750
01:00:54,290 --> 01:00:58,700
Britain was anxious not to further
alienate the German people,

751
01:00:58,770 --> 01:01:01,200
whose help would be vital.

752
01:01:01,260 --> 01:01:05,840
Furthermore, with hints of what would become
known as the Cold War already appearing,

753
01:01:05,900 --> 01:01:11,540
Germany was now seen as a potential
future ally against the Soviet Union.

754
01:01:15,660 --> 01:01:19,340
The evidence on the ground
in occupied Germany,

755
01:01:19,410 --> 01:01:23,790
both in the American
and British sectors,

756
01:01:23,860 --> 01:01:25,200
was indicating

757
01:01:25,260 --> 01:01:28,020
that the Germans had already

758
01:01:28,080 --> 01:01:31,820
been so bombarded
with the message of their guilt,

759
01:01:31,890 --> 01:01:38,350
that there's no need for a film
like this any longer at this time.

760
01:01:38,420 --> 01:01:39,820
FEMALE NARRATOR:
America, however,

761
01:01:39,890 --> 01:01:42,830
was still keen to show
a shorter film in Germany

762
01:01:42,900 --> 01:01:46,670
and had grown impatient
with Bernstein's slow progress.

763
01:01:46,740 --> 01:01:50,000
There were secret talks with
Hollywood director Billy Wilder,

764
01:01:50,060 --> 01:01:53,170
himself an Austrian refugee
from the Nazis,

765
01:01:53,230 --> 01:01:56,370
with a view to taking the film
away from London.

766
01:01:59,790 --> 01:02:03,600
In late June, a senior American
in the Psychological Warfare Division,

767
01:02:03,660 --> 01:02:07,310
-wrote a confidential memo to
his superior in Washington...
-(TYPEWRITER CLACKING)

768
01:02:07,380 --> 01:02:10,060
...suggesting that
the Bernstein team...

769
01:02:10,130 --> 01:02:12,430
(READING)

770
01:02:36,080 --> 01:02:41,360
GLADSTONE: The involvement of the
Americans seems to have come to an end

771
01:02:41,420 --> 01:02:43,660
at the end of June '45,

772
01:02:43,730 --> 01:02:46,260
when they had really
become exasperated

773
01:02:46,320 --> 01:02:49,010
that the British
were getting nowhere.

774
01:02:49,070 --> 01:02:53,420
So they withdrew,
and subsequently they carried on,

775
01:02:53,490 --> 01:02:57,390
making a much shorter film
directed by Billy Wilder,

776
01:02:57,460 --> 01:03:00,980
which was eventually released
in their own sector.

777
01:03:01,040 --> 01:03:03,150
The film was called Death Mills.

778
01:03:27,760 --> 01:03:29,390
The subject matter was similar,

779
01:03:29,460 --> 01:03:33,070
but the treatment of these two
films was entirely different.

780
01:03:33,140 --> 01:03:35,920
The British film,
Bernstein's film,

781
01:03:35,980 --> 01:03:39,280
was an artistically-shaped film

782
01:03:39,340 --> 01:03:42,540
with a much profounder message

783
01:03:42,610 --> 01:03:47,500
that humanity must take note
of what had happened.

784
01:03:47,570 --> 01:03:52,340
The American film was a
much more hectoring short film

785
01:03:52,400 --> 01:03:57,680
which simply accused the Germans
of having committed these crimes.

786
01:03:57,740 --> 01:04:01,230
MALE NARRATOR: At Belsen,
we caught the Camp Commander Josef Kramer,

787
01:04:01,300 --> 01:04:02,290
the Beast of Belsen.

788
01:04:02,350 --> 01:04:03,760
(INAUDIBLE)

789
01:04:05,620 --> 01:04:10,380
Men or women, they were
the Nazi elite, Himmler's own.

790
01:04:10,450 --> 01:04:15,790
Amazons turned Nazi killers
were merciless in the use of the whip,

791
01:04:15,860 --> 01:04:17,710
practiced in torture and murder,

792
01:04:18,540 --> 01:04:20,370
deadlier than the male.

793
01:04:25,970 --> 01:04:30,860
When allied armies approached, the Nazis often
tried to rush their prisoners elsewhere.

794
01:04:32,500 --> 01:04:36,080
Thousands were suffocated
in overcrowded freight cars.

795
01:04:40,020 --> 01:04:44,270
Many of the dead, and the dying,
were flung into the water.

796
01:04:46,450 --> 01:04:50,220
If the Allies moved too rapidly,
the Nazis attempted to kill their prisoners

797
01:04:50,290 --> 01:04:54,420
so that no witnesses of their
crimes were left behind.

798
01:04:54,480 --> 01:04:58,480
In Majdanek, in Ohrdruf,
in many other camps,

799
01:04:58,540 --> 01:05:01,650
thousands were murdered
just before liberation.

800
01:05:06,290 --> 01:05:08,210
(SPEAKING IN GERMAN)

801
01:06:12,020 --> 01:06:14,580
FEMALE NARRATOR: Ignoring
the politics swirling around them,

802
01:06:14,640 --> 01:06:17,680
Bernstein's team carried on
throughout July.

803
01:06:17,740 --> 01:06:21,360
At the end of the month
Hitchcock returned to Hollywood.

804
01:06:21,420 --> 01:06:22,990
On August 4th,

805
01:06:23,060 --> 01:06:27,090
a memo arrived from the
British Foreign Office saying...

806
01:06:28,720 --> 01:06:30,480
(READING)

807
01:06:44,460 --> 01:06:47,600
By September,
the edit had been shut down.

808
01:06:47,660 --> 01:06:51,440
The unfinished film, together with
shot lists, cameramen's notes,

809
01:06:51,500 --> 01:06:55,920
reels of footage, and a copy of
Crossman's completed script,

810
01:06:55,980 --> 01:06:58,290
was labeled and filed away.

811
01:07:00,590 --> 01:07:03,860
Bernstein moved on,
crossing the Atlantic,

812
01:07:03,920 --> 01:07:07,950
to begin a feature film partnership
with Alfred Hitchcock.

813
01:07:10,670 --> 01:07:12,940
Bernstein's last recorded
note on the film

814
01:07:13,010 --> 01:07:16,560
was a letter from Hollywood
to Peter Tanner, the editor,

815
01:07:16,620 --> 01:07:21,810
saying, "One day, you will realize
it has been worthwhile."

816
01:07:25,420 --> 01:07:27,920
Bernstein's documentary
was shelved.

817
01:07:27,980 --> 01:07:32,780
But the reels of film that he'd used
still had a public role to play.

818
01:07:34,260 --> 01:07:36,240
In the autumn of 1945,

819
01:07:36,300 --> 01:07:39,980
the trials of Nazi
war criminals began,

820
01:07:40,050 --> 01:07:42,610
and the prosecutors found
that they had a new

821
01:07:42,670 --> 01:07:45,420
and powerful source of evidence.

822
01:07:48,750 --> 01:07:49,940
(GAVEL RAPPING)

823
01:07:53,070 --> 01:07:58,580
The first trial was that of Commandant
Kramer and his staff at Bergen-Belsen.

824
01:08:00,080 --> 01:08:04,460
Kramer was convicted of war crimes
and sentenced to death.

825
01:08:17,620 --> 01:08:21,230
Anita, who'd survived both
Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen,

826
01:08:21,300 --> 01:08:24,370
and who appeared in the
British liberation footage,

827
01:08:24,430 --> 01:08:28,020
was one of those
called upon to testify.

828
01:08:28,080 --> 01:08:32,050
LASKER-WALLFISCH: Well, I was
asked to be a witness there, yes,

829
01:08:32,110 --> 01:08:33,650
and I said, "Yes, of course."

830
01:08:33,710 --> 01:08:35,670
I found it was like a theater
performance and we said,

831
01:08:35,700 --> 01:08:37,950
"There are some people sitting there
defending these people?

832
01:08:37,970 --> 01:08:43,630
"Are they crazy? You see the crime...
You see the crime."

833
01:08:43,700 --> 01:08:49,070
FEMALE NARRATOR: Later, in November,
the International Military Tribunal or IMT,

834
01:08:49,140 --> 01:08:50,640
began in Nuremberg.

835
01:08:50,700 --> 01:08:53,900
Here, too, film footage
was part of the evidence.

836
01:08:55,920 --> 01:08:57,360
(INAUDIBLE)

837
01:09:02,100 --> 01:09:05,300
It certainly bolstered
the prosecution.

838
01:09:05,360 --> 01:09:10,000
At the IMT, I think there's no question
that people paid attention

839
01:09:10,060 --> 01:09:13,810
to the films,
and it informed people

840
01:09:13,870 --> 01:09:15,310
in the courtroom

841
01:09:15,380 --> 01:09:18,450
and confronted the defendants

842
01:09:18,510 --> 01:09:22,670
with a mass of
demonstrable evidence

843
01:09:22,740 --> 01:09:26,030
of their activities
over many years.

844
01:09:27,500 --> 01:09:32,020
We are now ready to hear
the presentation by the prosecution.

845
01:09:32,080 --> 01:09:33,260
(CLEARS THROAT)

846
01:09:34,860 --> 01:09:37,680
This was the tragic fulfillment

847
01:09:37,740 --> 01:09:41,680
of a program of intolerance
and arrogance.

848
01:09:43,340 --> 01:09:45,230
Vengeance is not our goal,

849
01:09:46,540 --> 01:09:50,030
nor do we seek
merely a just retribution.

850
01:09:51,820 --> 01:09:53,810
We ask this court

851
01:09:53,870 --> 01:09:57,650
to affirm
by international penal action,

852
01:09:57,710 --> 01:10:02,030
man's right to live
in peace and dignity,

853
01:10:02,100 --> 01:10:05,840
regardless of his race or creed.

854
01:10:05,900 --> 01:10:08,180
BENJAMIN FERENCZ: I was
appointed a chief prosecutor

855
01:10:08,240 --> 01:10:12,530
in what was surely the biggest
murder trial in human history.

856
01:10:12,590 --> 01:10:16,620
And it was my first case,
and I was 27 years old.

857
01:10:16,690 --> 01:10:21,200
...will show that the slaughter
committed by these defendants

858
01:10:21,260 --> 01:10:25,230
was dictated
not by military necessity

859
01:10:25,300 --> 01:10:27,340
but by that supreme...

860
01:10:27,410 --> 01:10:32,180
FEMALE NARRATOR: Even though Bernstein's
1945 film had been quietly dropped,

861
01:10:32,240 --> 01:10:34,380
this was not
the end of its story.

862
01:10:35,860 --> 01:10:39,180
Seventy years later,
an Imperial War Museum team

863
01:10:39,250 --> 01:10:42,580
completed the film using
the original shot sheets,

864
01:10:42,640 --> 01:10:45,940
script and rushes
to meticulously reconstruct

865
01:10:46,000 --> 01:10:49,680
Bernstein and Hitchcock's
intended final section.

866
01:10:49,740 --> 01:10:52,020
We knew that it was
a powerful piece of cinema,

867
01:10:52,080 --> 01:10:54,770
and also had been made
by some of the best

868
01:10:54,830 --> 01:10:58,160
film technicians
and writers of the era.

869
01:10:58,220 --> 01:11:02,320
What we wanted to do was
ultimately produce and complete

870
01:11:02,380 --> 01:11:04,750
the work of these
original filmmakers.

871
01:11:36,020 --> 01:11:37,870
MALE NARRATOR:
This was the end of the journey

872
01:11:37,940 --> 01:11:41,840
they had so confidently
begun in 1933.

873
01:11:46,900 --> 01:11:48,460
Twelve years...

874
01:11:49,740 --> 01:11:50,960
No...

875
01:11:51,020 --> 01:11:53,580
In terms of barbarity
and brutality,

876
01:11:53,650 --> 01:11:57,940
they had traveled backwards
for 12,000 years.

877
01:12:28,850 --> 01:12:32,620
Unless the world learns
the lesson these pictures teach,

878
01:12:33,300 --> 01:12:34,740
night will fall.

879
01:12:38,510 --> 01:12:42,990
But by God's grace,
we who live will learn.

880
01:13:10,540 --> 01:13:12,590
(SOFT MUSIC PLAYING)